Evals 1 Flashcards
A geneticist isolates a gene for a specific trait under
study. She also isolated the corresponding mRNA.
Upon comparison, the mRNA is found to contain
1,000 fewer bases than the DNA sequence. Did the
geneticist isolate the wrong DNA?
A. Yes, mRNA is made from a DNA template and
should be the same length as the gene sequence.
B. No, the final mRNA contains only exons, the
introns were removed.
C. Yes, the mRNA contains more bases than the DNA
sequence because bases flanking the gene are also
transcribed.
D. No, the mRNA was partially degraded after it was
transcribed.
B. No, the final mRNA contains only exons, the
introns were removed
The pre-RNA includes two different types of
segments, called introns, which are removed by a
process called splicing, and exons, which are
retained in the final mRNA.
Which of the following components is involved in the
initiation of transcription?
A. Origin
B. Promoter
C. Start codon (AUG)
D. Primer
B. Promoter
A Promoter will bind to RNA polymerase to enhance
the process of transcription.
- Some events that take place during the synthesis of a
specific protein are listed below. The correct order of
these events is A. mRNA attaches to ribosome B. DNA
serves as a template for RNA production. C. tRNA bonds toa specific codon D. Amino acids are bonded together E. RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
A. C B A E D
B. B C E D A
C. D A E C B
D. B E A C D
D. B E A C D
DNA serves as a template for RNA production > RNA
moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm > mRNA
attaches to ribosome > tRNA bonds to a specific
codon > Amino acids are bonded together
One similarity between DNA and mRNA molecules is
that they both contain
A. The same sugar
B. Double-stranded polymers
C. Genetic codes based on sequences of bases
D. A nitrogenous base known as uracil
C. Genetic codes based on sequences of bases
Sugar:
DNA - deoxyribose
RNA - ribose
Strand of polymers:
DNA - double
RNA - single
Nitrogenous base:
DNA - thymine
RNA - uracil
Identify which is incorrect about the function of the
5-cap and 3-poly-A-tail of a mature eukaryotic mRNA
molecule?
A. To aid export of the mature transcript to the
cytoplasm
B. To aid ribosome binding to the transcript
C. To prevent mRNA degradation
D. To facilitate splicing
B. To aid ribosome binding to the transcript
tRNA aids ribosome in binding to the transcript.
Poly-A-Tail aids export of the mature transcript to
the cytoplasm.
miRNA; 5-cap and 3-poly-A-tail prevent mRNA
degradation.
snRNA; spliceosome facilitates splicing.
Which of the following is correct about DNA?
A. It provides the instructions for the synthesis of
mRNA.
B. All of the choices are correct
C. It remains constant despite changes in
environmental conditions.
D. It is read by ribosomes during the process of
translation.
A. It provides the instructions for the synthesis of
mRNA.
Which of the following statements describes how the
RNA sequence specifies the production of an amino acid chain?
A. Each group of three bases codes for an enzyme
that binds amino acids together.
B. Each base produces electrical signals sent to the
cytoplasm to initiate protein assembly.
C. Each set of three bases codes for a single amino
acid (codon)
D. Each base codes for one amino acid.
C. Each set of three bases codes for a single amino
acid (codon)
According to the central dogma, which of the following
represents the flow of genetic information.
A. DNA to protein to RNA
B. DNA to RNA to protein
C. RNA to DNA to protein
D. Protein to DNA to RNA
B. DNA to RNA to protein
Mature mRNA from a eukaryote would contain each of
these features except which of the following?
A. 5- cap
B. 3-poly-A-tail
C. Intron-encoded RNA
D. Exon-encoded RNA
C. Intron-encoded RNA
The pre-RNA includes two different types of
segments, called introns, which are removed by a
process called splicing, and exons, which are
retained in the final mRNA.
Which is correct about promoter?
A. It is the location where DNA replication begins.
B. It is an initiation factor in the process of
translation.
C. It is a DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase
binds.
D. It is a protein that binds to RNA polymerase to enhance the process of transcription
D. It is a protein that binds to RNA polymerase to enhance the process of transcription
DNA replication initiates at specific points, called
origins, where the DNA double helix is unwound.
At the initiation stage–regulatory proteins bind
the 5’ end of mRNA with the cap.
Transcription Factors bind to RNA Polymerase near
the start of transcription of a gene. May either
inhibit or assist RNA polymerase in initiation and maintenance of transcription
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the process
of transcription?
A. The stages of transcription are initiation,
elimination, reduction
B. Transcription occurs for individual genes.
C. Transcription uses both strands of DNA to make
mRNA.
D. DNA polymerases control transcription.
B. Transcription occurs for individual genes.
The stages of transcription are initiation,
elongation, and termination.
The template strand is the strand from which the
RNA is actually transcribed.
RNA polymerases and transcription factors control
transcription.
Which of the following is the amino acid that appears
at the N-terminus of all newly translated eukaryotic
polypeptides?
A. Tryptophan
B. Glycine
C. Cysteine
D. Methionine
D. Methionine
Which of the following is arranged in correct order
from the most complex to the simplest?
A. organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system
B. molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system,
organism
C. tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism
D. cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism
E. organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular
B. molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system,
organism
Which statement about feedback control systems is
incorrect?
A. Positive feedback usually promotes stability in a
system.
B. Adaptive control is in a sense, a delayed negative
feedback mechanism.
C. Generation of nerve actions potentials involves
positive feedback.
D. Most control systems of the body act by negative
feedback.
E. Feed-forward control is important in regulating
muscle activity.
A. Positive feedback usually promotes stability in a
system.
In general, the nervous system does each of the
following, EXCEPT
A. direct very specific responses
B. direct long-term responses to change
C. respond rapidly to change
D. interpret sensory information
E. help to maintain homeostasis
B. direct long-term responses to change
The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called
A. equilibrious
B. homeostasis
C. hemopoiesis
D. self-regulation
E. amplification
B. homeostasis
If the feedback gain of a control system is -3.0, this
means that the system is
A. A negative feedback system capable of correcting
⅓ of the initial disturbance to the system.
B. A negative feedback system capable of correcting
⅔ of the initial disturbance to the system.
C. A positive feedback system capable of correcting
⅓ of the initial disturbance to the system.
D. A negative feedback system capable of correcting
¾ of the initial disturbance to the system.
D. A negative feedback system capable of correcting
¾ of the initial disturbance to the system.
Compared with the intracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid has ____ sodium ion concentration, _____ potassium
ion concentration, ______ chloride ion concentration, and _____ phosphate ion concentration.
A. Lower, lower, lower, lower
B. Lower, higher, lower, lower
C. Lower,higher, higher, lower
D. higher,higher, lower, higher
E. higher, lower, higher, lower
E. higher, lower, higher, lower
Sodium = high
Chloride = high
Potassium = low
Phosphate = low
Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________
that detects a particular stimulus and a(n)____ that
responds to the stimulus by communicating with
a(n)_____ whose activity has an effect on the same
stimulus.
A. receptor, control center, effector
B. control center, receiver, effector
C. control center, effector, receptor
D. receiver, communicator, effector
E. effector, receiver, communicator
A. receptor, control center, effector
Which statement is incorrect?
A. The body’s compensatory mechanism often leads
to deviations from the normal range in some of the
body’s function.
B. Disease is generally considered to be a state of
disrupted homeostasis.
C. In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are no
longer operating in the body.
D. The term homeostasis describes the maintenance
of nearly constant conditions in the body
C. In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are no
longer operating in the body.
Disease is often considered to be a state of
disrupted homeostasis. However, even in the
presence of disease, homeostatic mechanisms
continue to operate and maintain vital functions
through multiple compensations.
The second stage of circulation is characterized by
which of the following EXCEPT
A. Large amounts of fluid and its dissolved
constituents diffuse back and forth between the
blood and the tissue spaces.
B. The process of diffusion is caused by kinetic
motion of the molecules in the plasma and the
interstitial fluid.
C. Few cells are located not more than 50
micrometers from a capillary ensuring diffusion in
seconds.
D. The ECF everywhere in the body is continually
being mixed, thereby maintaining homogeneity of
extracellular fluid.
E. The fluid and dissolved molecules are continually
moving and bouncing in all directions in the
plasma and fluid in the intercellular spaces, as
well as through capillary pores.
D. The ECF everywhere in the body is continually
being mixed, thereby maintaining homogeneity of
extracellular fluid.
A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart
to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other
tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that
A. All organisms are composed of cells.
B. Blood has magic properties.
C. Chemical molecules make up cells.
D. All levels of organization within an organism are
interdependent.
E. Congenital defects can be life-threatening.
D. All levels of organization within an organism are
interdependent.
Which of the following body control systems examples
is true and correct?
A. Control of high arterial blood pressure is through
the baroreceptors system.
B. Release of oxygen in the tissues is dependent on
the respiratory center
C. control of low arterial blood pressure is through
the vasomotor system in the medulla
D. control of arterial blood pressure is through the
vasomotor system and the baroreceptor system
E. Control of carbon dioxide in the ECF is dictated by
the ability of hemoglobin to pick-up C02.
D. control of arterial blood pressure is through the
vasomotor system and the baroreceptor system
A higher than normal carbon dioxide concentration
in the blood excites the respiratory center, causing
a person to breathe rapidly and deeply.
An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop
controlling body temperature would be
A. temperature sensors on the skin that detect a
stimulus.
B. regulatory centers that send commands to an
effector.
C. sweat glands that increase secretion.
D. sweat glands that act like effectors
E. effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate
A. temperature sensors on the skin that detect a
stimulus.
