European Union 1

Question 1

origins (7)

Answer 1

1. recovery from ww2
2. want of lasting peace
3. new way of dealing with germany, difference with ww1
4. prevention of extreme nationalism raise
5. sense of defeat –> illusion of forward march to progress destroyed
6. fight against communism
   • USSR and Central Europe strong communism threat
   • Communist parties strong in West
   • Churchill Iron Curtain Speech 1946
   • Kennan telegram 1946 Soviet ill-intent
   • Communist action in Greece and Turkey (establishment of ICBMs)
7. centre of civilised world reduced to wast

Question 2

neofunctionalism names

Answer 2

haas

Question 3

neofunctionalism argument (2)

Answer 3

1. spill over - integration is like a domino of areas and of actors
2. integrations tarted through self-interest –> spill over –> state less control now
   - transnationalism
   - non-state actors
   - diversity

Question 4

types of spill over

Answer 4

1. functional spill (lindberg) over
   = inability to isolate one sector from another due to supplementary and exogenous considerations

economic sector functional spill over + authority spill over –> supranational

2. cultivated spill over (mikkelsen)
   = a. supranational institution force integration top-down
   -follow own agenda
   -domestic governments are eyewitnesses
   b. pressure from interest group (benefit from integration as less tariff and general liberalisation of trade)
   -commission brings all the lobbying together and set direction of union

Question 5

examples of functional spillover

Answer 5

european coal and steel community 1952 –> european economic community 1957 (treaty of rome) –> european union 1992 (treaty of maastricht) = four freedoms: goods, services, people and capital

Question 6

examples of cultivated spillover

Answer 6

eurozone + common currency 1993 - treaty of maastricht and 2009 lisbon treaty

b. european commission: Bache: capability to manipulare pressures on government for further integration
c. european parliament: propose treaties that are more and more binding e..g Maastricht treaty = co-decision + subsidiary principle

Question 7

limitations of neofunctionalism (2)

Answer 7

1. underestimate state power –> state final say in council of ministers + brexit
2. Tranholm-Mikkesen: lack of spillover not explained e.g. defence and foreign policy

Question 8

classical intergovernmentalism names

Answer 8

Hoffman

Question 9

classical intergovernmentalism argument (7)

Answer 9

o	Realist conceptions 
o	Preservation of sovereignty 
o	High politics 
♣	Divergences  logic of diversity 
o	Cooperation if in interest 
o	Final say on extent of integration 
o	Not overwhelmed by external pressures

Question 10

classical intergovernmentalism example

Answer 10

o Ex: empty chair crisis 1965 – Charles de Gaulle doesn’t present himself at the council of ministers meeting as he opposes further integration and enlargement to the UK
o Commission backed down on proposals when France came back
♣ Power in the hands of states

Question 11

liberal intergovernmentalism names

Answer 11

Moravicks

Question 12

liberal intergovernmentalism argument 3

Answer 12

o Three pillars

1. Rationality of state behaviour
2. National preference over supranational
3. Inter-state relations determined by negotiation and bargaining

Question 13

liberal intergovenrmentalism example

Answer 13

france took the veto against uk membership just when they and concessions over the common agricultural policy

Question 14

limitations of

intergovernmetnalism 5

Answer 14

o Not enough empirical data
o Froster: states not rational – symbolism, ideology and belief influence governments relations
o Underestimation of role of the supranational institutions
o European court of justice
o Commission
o Fails in contemporary context
o Underestimate external influence

Question 15

new insitutionalism names

Answer 15

Meyer, DiMaggio, Powell

Question 16

new instiutionalism argument

Answer 16

o rational choice
♣ preference pursued under institution ruled
♣ change in rules = change in preference
o sociological choice
♣ rules of institution shape identity of actors
• Europe economic and political liberalism shape how the countries are
o Dealing with issues such as the refugee crisis started in 2015
♣ Italy in 2015 more than 1M people escaping from Libya and Syria
♣ actors socialise within institutions

Question 17

new insitutionalism examples

Answer 17

rational chocie: example: under the European council where member states actually debate between each other and negotiate but they have to do it under the rules of the different treaties such as the Lisbon Treaty 2009 which sets specific European rules
• qualified majority voting
• charter of fundamental rights

sociological choice: Dealing with issues such as the refugee crisis started in 2015
♣ Italy in 2015 more than 1M people escaping from Libya and Syria
♣ actors socialise within institutions

Question 18

new insitutionalism limitations

Answer 18

♣ misjudge the realist interest of states

♣ institution rules are made by the states themselves