Eukaryotic genetics-54

Question 1

What are the essential carbons?

Answer 1

-Glucose
-9 amino acids
-Prebiotic fibre

Question 2

What are the pillars of molecular biology?

Answer 2

-Physiology, dev. biology and microbiology
-Evolution
-Genetics
-Biochemistry
-Ecology

Question 3

What is genotype?

Answer 3

DNA based information

Question 4

What is the phenotype

Answer 4

Measurable expression of gene x environment interactions

discrete phenotype only determined by allele/gene not evironment

Question 5

What is a mutation? What does it result in?

Answer 5

Mutation- different alleles, most mutations alter function (more often negatively).

Results in mutant genotype and altered phenotype.

New DNA -> mRNA -> protein

Question 6

What was believed about inheritance in the 19th century?

Answer 6

That there was a blending of characteristics.

Question 7

What was Mendel’s choice of flowers/

Answer 7

Aquilegia (2x)
Dianthus (3x)
Nicotiana (2x)
Pisum (1x)

Question 8

What was Mendel’s experimental method?

Answer 8

Genetics to reveal ‘cause and effect’.

-Assemble a robust experimental system. Self pollination: ‘true breeding’. Test and gather the material, tested if they all self-pollinated and produce the expected way.

-Design and perform first experiment, and generate lots of quantitative data. F2, second generation. Crossed by hand pollination. Purple is dominant over white, no blending.

-Repeat same experiment with different starting material.

-Analyse the collective data, and derive a predictive model.

-Devise and execute experiments to test prediction(s).

Question 9

What is the 1st law of inheritance?

Answer 9

Heredity is controlled by paired factors or alleles of genes. Alleles demonstrate heredity.

Question 10

When does the dominant and recessive phenotype occur?

Answer 10

Dominance: occurs when the 1st generation offspring exhibit the same phenotype as observed in one of the parents.

Recessive: the alternative phenotype in the other parent.

Question 11

Who rediscovered Mendel’s work? (1900)

Answer 11

Hugo de Vries (1848-1935)- Dutch botanist who introduced the term ‘mutation’

Carl Correns (1964-1933)- German botanist

Enrich von Tschermak (1871-1962)- Austrian crop scientist

William Bateson (1861-1926)- British animal and plant geneticist, coined the words ‘genetics’ and ‘epistasis’

Roland Biffen (1879-1949)- first director of the Plant Breeding Institute (PBI)

Question 12

What was the first demonstration of applied genetics?

Answer 12

1910

Release of yellow rust resistant wheat variety.

Susceptibility in wheat to yellow rust was identified as a simple Mendelian trait.

Question 13

How was statistical genetics used to test Mendel’s data?

Answer 13

Chi-square test, should have an expected 3:1 ratio. Used data to see if results are significant or not.

Question 14

What did Mendel’s experiment show us?

Answer 14

Phenotype dominance and 1st law of inheritance.

Demonstrated the importance of experimental model organisms.

Independent assortment.

Question 15

What can experimental genetic models be used for?

Answer 15

Biochemical function (e.g. metabolism): yeast
Multicellular development: fruit-fly
Translational genetics
Mammalian acquired immunity