Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics and Evolution > Eukaryotic Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is differential gene expression?

A

The expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of chromatin remodelling?

A

Histone modification and DNA methylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What four types of eukaryotic gene regulation take place in the nucleus?

A
  1. Chromatin remodelling
  2. DNA methylation
  3. Transcription
  4. RNA processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What types of eukaryotic gene regulation take place in the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Degradation/inhibition of mRNA
  2. Protein processing/modification
  3. Protein degradation
  4. Protein transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin and euchromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which type of chromatin is transcriptionally active?

A

Euchromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which type of chromatin is highly packed and condensed?

A

Heterochromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of euchromatin?

A

To allow genes to form a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of heterochromatin?

A

Regulated genetic integrity and controls gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

Mechanisms that alter gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Histone proteins have protruding tails, which are subject to histone modifications. What are they called?

A

N-terminal tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does acetylation effect histone proteins and transcription?

A

Acetylation neutralises the positive charge on histone proteins, releasing DNA. This promotes transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does methylation effect transcription?

A

Methylation has different effects depending on methylation status, but opens or closes transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acetylation is the addition of acetyl groups to what specific residues?

A

Lysine residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Methylation can be the addition of one, two, or three methyl groups to histone proteins. What is a methyl group?

A

CH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does methylation activate or inactivate long stretches of DNA?

A

Inactivates

17
Q

Methylation of cytosines within the promoter region silences genes. However, cytosine can only be methylated when?

A

Cytosine can only be methylated when next to a guanine in a CpG dinucleotide

18
Q

How does DNA methylation of CpG dinucleotides prevent transcription?

A

DNA methylation attracts other proteins, which blocks the transcription factors from binding to the promoter region

19
Q

What are the two types of transcription factors?

A

Activators and repressors

20
Q

MyoD is a transcription factor involved in the development of what tissues?

A

Muscles

21
Q

How is it possible that multiple genes can be expressed at the same time using the same transcription factors?

A

Each combination of transcription factors can activate transcription only when the appropriate transcription activators are present

22
Q

What is the process that enables different mRNA molecules to be produced from the same primary transcript?

A

Alternative splicing

23
Q

What are the two types of RNA interference (RNAi)?

A
  1. Micro RNA (miRNA)
  2. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)
24
Q

How many nucleotides long are RNAis?

A

20-22 nucleotides

25
Q

Where are polypeptide chains mostly process?

A

In the ER membrane

26
Q

How does the ubiquitin-proteosome system work?

A

Proteins are translocated into the cytosol where they are tagged with ubiquitin and degraded by proteosomes

27
Q

How does the autophagic-lysosomal system work?

A

Aberrant protein fragments are degraded by lysosomes

28
Q

What are the two systems that deal with incorrectly processed proteins?

A
  1. Ubiquitin-proteosome system
  2. Autophagic-lysosomal system
29
Q

What does the unfolded protein response do when activated?

A

Degrades existing mRNA and reduces the flow of new proteins into the ER

30
Q

Does post-transcriptional regulation enable the cell to react faster or slower to changes in the environment?

A

Faster

31
Q

What are the major axes of the body?

A
  1. Anterior to posterior
  2. Left to right
  3. Dorsal to ventral
32
Q

What are homeotic genes?

A

Regulatory genes that control pattern formation of body segments or structures

33
Q

The transcription factor complex begins to form upstream from the transcription start site. Proteins called basal factors bind to what sequence in the promoter?

A

TATA box

34
Q

Where do activator transcription factors bind to on the DNA sequence?

A

The enhancers

35
Q

Where do repressor transcription factors bind to on the DNA sequence?

A

A silencer sequence

36
Q

Inside the nucleus, most genes that encode proteins are transcribed by what enzyme?

A

RNA polymerase II

37
Q

The double-stranded precursors of miRNAs and siRNAs bind to Dicer. What is it?

A

Dicer is an endoribonuclease protein that cuts the RNA into short segments (20-22 nt)

Genetics and Evolution (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions