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BIOLCHEM 415 > Eukaryotic Gene Expression > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

factors that influence gene expression

A

complex transcriptional regulation scheme
RNA processing (including extensive mRNA precursor processing)
the nuclear membrane (separates site of RNA synthesis from the site of protein synthesis)

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2
Q

types of RNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells

A

RNA Pol I
RNA Pol II
RNA Pol III

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3
Q

RNA Pol I

A

synthesizes pre-ribosomal RNA
has 1 promoter - the ribosomal initiator element (rlnr)
UPE is ~150 bp upstream of the initiation site

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4
Q

RNA Pol II

A

synthesizes mRNA
is very fast
is inhibited by alpha-amanitin
can recognize thousands of promoters

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5
Q

RNA Pol III

A

makes tRNAs and some small RNA products

promoters are within the transcribed sequence of DNA

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6
Q

RNA Pol IV

A

ONLY PRESENT IN PLANTS

synthesizes small interfering RNAs

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7
Q

which organelle has its own RNA Pol?

A

the mitochondria

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8
Q

features of promoters that are recognized by eukaryotic RNA Pol II

A

the initiator element (is often paired with the TATA box)
the TATA box
downstream promoter element
upstream regulatory sequences

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9
Q

where is the initiator element located?

A

between bps -3 and +5

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10
Q

where is the TATA box located?

A

between bps -24 and -32 upstream of initiation site

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11
Q

downstream promoter element (DPE)

A

located between base pairs +28 and +35

works with initiator element when the TATA box is absent

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12
Q

upstream regulatory sequences

A

serve as binding site for many types of transcription factors that affect the activity of RNA Pol II
differ greatly in type and number

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13
Q

eukaryotic core RNA Pol II

A

typically has 10-12 subunits (12 in humans and yeast)

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14
Q

RPB1

A

largest subunit in eukaryotic core RNA Pol II
is homologous to the β’ subunit of bacterial RNA Pol
has flexible carboxyl-terminal domain that is essential for polymerase activity

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15
Q

RPB2

A

is homologous to the β subunit of bacterial RNA Pol

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16
Q

RBP3 and RBP11

A

homologous to the 2 α subunits of bacterial RNA Pol

17
Q

eukaryotic general transcription factors

A

proteins that help RNA Pol II to recognize the promoter region
are functionally similar to the σ subunit of bacterial RNA Pol
are collectively known as TFII

18
Q

key features of eukaryotic gene regulation

A

almost exclusively occurs in the beginning of transcription
chromatin structure restricts access of eukaryotic promoters to RNA Pol
transcription is normally inhibited without regulatory proteins
eukaryotic cells have larger and more complex mulitmeric regulatory proteins
transcription in the eukaryotic nucleus is separated from translation in the cytoplasm in both space and time

19
Q

chromatins

A

organizational structures of genes

types: euchromatin and heterochromatin

20
Q

euchromatin

A

lightly packed

is often under active transcription

21
Q

heterochromatin

A

tightly packed

not transcribed since its DNA is inaccessible to polymerases

22
Q

features that make euchromatin different form heterochromatin

A

nucleosome positioning
presence of histone variants
covalent modifications to nucleosomes

23
Q

chromatin remodeling

A

structural changes to chromatin

24
Q

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes

A

regulate gene expression by moving, ejecting, or restructuring nucleosomes
is powered by ATP hydrolysis

25
Q

families of chromatin remodeling complexes

A 
SWI/SNF 
ISWI
CHD 
INO80
SWR1
26
Q

where does covalent modification of histones mostly occur?

A

in the N-terminal domain of the histones found near the exterior of the nucleosome particle

27
Q

types of histone covalent modification

A

methylation (Lys, Arg)
phosphorylation (Ser, Thr, Tyr)
acetylation (Lys)
ubiquitination (Lys)

28
Q

histone code hypothesis

A

gene transcription is in part regulated by chemical modifications to histone proteins
with other modifications is a part of the epigenetic code

29
Q

key point of the histone code hypothesis

A

histone modifications serve to recruit other proteins by specific recognition of the modified histone via protein domains specialized for this
recruited proteins act to alter chromatin structure and promote transcription

BIOLCHEM 415 (10 decks)

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