Eukaryotic Cells And Organelles

Question 1

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 1

• prokaryotic organisms are made up from prokaryote cells (single celled organisms)
• they are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
• they contain organelles which have specific functions

Question 2

What is a cellulose cell wall?

Answer 2

• found in plant cells

- they have plasmodesmata which are channels for exchanging substances with adjacent cells

Question 3

What are algal cells?

Answer 3

Basically plant cells

Question 4

What are fungal cells?

Answer 4

• basically plant cells
• their cell wall is made from chitin, not cellulose
• they don’t have chloroplasts

Question 5

What does a cell-surface membrane look like?

Answer 5

• The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells
• it’s made mainly from lipids and proteins

Question 6

What does a cell-surface membrane do?

Answer 6

• It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
• it has receptor molecules which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 7

What does a nucleus look like?

Answer 7

• a large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains many pores
• the nucleus contains chromosomes
• it also contains at least one nucleolus

Question 8

What does a nucleus do?

Answer 8

• controls the cells activities
• contains DNA which has the instructions to make proteins
• the pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
• the nucleolus makes ribosomes

Question 9

What does mitochondria look like?

Answer 9

• oval shaped
• the have a double membrane the inner membrane folds to form cristae inside the matrix
• matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration

Question 10

What does mitochondria do?

Answer 10

• it’s the site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced
• they are found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy

Question 11

What does a chloroplast look like?

Answer 11

• a small flattened structure found in a plant and algae cells
• surrounded by a double membrane it has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes
• the membranes are stacked in the chloroplasts to form grana which are linked by lamellae (thin, flat thylakoid membranes)

Question 12

What does a chloroplast do?

Answer 12

• the site of photosynthesis

- some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana and other parts in the stroma

Question 13

What does a Golgi apparatus look like?

Answer 13

• A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs

- vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs

Question 14

What does a Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 14

• It processes and packages new lipids and proteins

- they make lysosomes

Question 15

What does a Golgi vesicle look like?

Answer 15

• a small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane
• produced by Golgi apparatus

Question 16

What does a Golgi vesicle do?

Answer 16

stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

Question 17

What does a lysosome look like?

Answer 17

• a round organelle surrounded by a membrane
• it has no clear internal structure
• it’s a type of Golgi vesicle

Question 18

What does a lysosome do?

Answer 18

• contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes
• they are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane
• they can be used to digest invading cells and break down worn out components in the cell

Question 19

What does a ribosome look like?

Answer 19

• very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic recticulum
• it’s made from proteins and RNA
• it’s not surrounded by a membrane

Question 20

What does a ribosome do?

Answer 20

The site of protein synthesis

Question 21

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum look like?

Answer 21

• a system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space

- the surface is covered with ribosomes

Question 22

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 22

Folds and processes proteins made at the ribosomes

Question 23

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum look like?

Answer 23

basically RER with no ribosomes

Question 24

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 24

Synthesises and processes lipids

Question 25

What does a cell wall look like?

Answer 25

• a rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi
• made from cellulose or chitin

Question 26

What does a cell wall do?

Answer 26

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

Question 27

What does a cell vacuole look like?

Answer 27

• a membrane bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells
• it contains cell sap
• it’s surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast

Question 28

What does a cell vacuole do?

Answer 28

• helps maintain pressure inside the cell and keeps the cell rigid which stops plants wilting
• isolates unwanted chemicals inside the cells

Question 29

How are chromosomes made?

Answer 29

They are made from protein bound linear DNA

Question 30

What is the pyramid or nucleus?

Answer 30

Nuclei

Question 31

What is the singular of mitochondria?

Answer 31

Mitochondrion

Question 32

What is cellulose made from?

Answer 32

Carbohydrates

Question 33

What is cell sap?

Answer 33

A weak solution of sugars and salts

Question 34

What are specialised cells?

Answer 34

• in multicellular eukaryotic organisms cells become specialised to carry out specific functions
• a cells surface helps carry out its function so specialised cells can look different to what they normally would

Question 35

How are epithelial cells in the small intestine specialised to absorb food efficiently?

Answer 35

• the wall so if the small intestine have lots of vili which increase surface area for absorption
• the epithelial cells in the surface of the vili have folds in their cell surface called micro vili which further increase surface area
• they have lots of mito to provide energy for the transport of digested food molecules into the cell

Question 36

How do specialised cells make up organ systems?

Answer 36

• specialised cells group together to form tissues

- tissues work together to form organs which make up organ systems

Question 37

How do epithelial cells aid in the digestion and absorption and food?

Answer 37

• Epithelial cells make up epithelial tissue muscular and glandular tissues
• these tissues work together to form the stomach which is part of the digestive system which involves the digestion and absorption of food

Question 38

Which organs are in the digestive system?

Answer 38

• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• liver