Eukaryotic Cells And Organelles Flashcards
What is a prokaryotic cell?
- prokaryotic organisms are made up from prokaryote cells (single celled organisms)
- they are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
- they contain organelles which have specific functions
What is a cellulose cell wall?
- found in plant cells
- they have plasmodesmata which are channels for exchanging substances with adjacent cells
What are algal cells?
Basically plant cells
What are fungal cells?
- basically plant cells
- their cell wall is made from chitin, not cellulose
- they don’t have chloroplasts
What does a cell-surface membrane look like?
- The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells
- it’s made mainly from lipids and proteins
What does a cell-surface membrane do?
- It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
- it has receptor molecules which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
What does a nucleus look like?
- a large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains many pores
- the nucleus contains chromosomes
- it also contains at least one nucleolus
What does a nucleus do?
- controls the cells activities
- contains DNA which has the instructions to make proteins
- the pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
- the nucleolus makes ribosomes
What does mitochondria look like?
- oval shaped
- the have a double membrane the inner membrane folds to form cristae inside the matrix
- matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration
What does mitochondria do?
- it’s the site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced
- they are found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy
What does a chloroplast look like?
- a small flattened structure found in a plant and algae cells
- surrounded by a double membrane it has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes
- the membranes are stacked in the chloroplasts to form grana which are linked by lamellae (thin, flat thylakoid membranes)
What does a chloroplast do?
- the site of photosynthesis
- some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana and other parts in the stroma
What does a Golgi apparatus look like?
- A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs
- vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs
What does a Golgi apparatus do?
- It processes and packages new lipids and proteins
- they make lysosomes
What does a Golgi vesicle look like?
- a small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane
- produced by Golgi apparatus
What does a Golgi vesicle do?
stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell
What does a lysosome look like?
- a round organelle surrounded by a membrane
- it has no clear internal structure
- it’s a type of Golgi vesicle
What does a lysosome do?
- contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes
- they are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane
- they can be used to digest invading cells and break down worn out components in the cell
What does a ribosome look like?
- very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic recticulum
- it’s made from proteins and RNA
- it’s not surrounded by a membrane
What does a ribosome do?
The site of protein synthesis
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum look like?
- a system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
- the surface is covered with ribosomes
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
Folds and processes proteins made at the ribosomes
What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum look like?
basically RER with no ribosomes
What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Synthesises and processes lipids
