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Biology Topic 2 > Eukaryotic Cells And Organelles > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells And Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What does the fact that all living organisms are made of cells which have the same basic features in common suggest?

A

That all living things evolved from the same common ancestor

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2
Q

There are two main types of organism name these:

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A single celled organism

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4
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

An organism made up of eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

Which is more complex, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Which type of cell eukaryotic or prokaryotic contains a greater quantity of organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Which type of cells are eukaryotic

A

Animal cells, plant cells, algal cells, fungal cells

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8
Q

Which organelles does an animal cell contain?

A

Cell surface membrane
RER
SER
nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Which organelles do plant cells contain

A

Cell wall (cellulose)
Cell surface membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Chloroplasts
Vacuole

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10
Q

Which organelles would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

chloroplasts and cell wall and vacuole

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11
Q

Which organelles do algal cells contain?

A

Cell wall (cellulose)
Cell surface membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Single large chloroplast

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12
Q

Which organelles do fungal cells contain?

A

Cell wall ( made from chitin)
Cell surface membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Vacuole

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13
Q

Why do fungal cells not have chloroplasts?

A

Fungal cells don’t need chloroplasts as they don’t photosynthesises.

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14
Q

What are fungal cell walls made from?

A

Chitin

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15
Q

What are plant cell walls and algal cell walls made from?

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

plasmodesmata are ‘channels’ in the cell wall used for exchanging substances between adjacent cells.

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17
Q

What is the cell surface membrane?

A

a plasma membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just beneath the cell wall in plant algal and fungal cells. It is made from phospholipids as well as proteins and cholesterol.

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18
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

The cell surface membrane regulates the movements of substances into and out of the cell.

The cell surface membrane also has receptor molecules on it which allows it to respond to chemicals like hormones.

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19
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

a large organelle that contains chromosomes which are stored in a. nucleolus , the nucleus also contains chromatin and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which is a double membrane that contains many pores to allow RNA to pass in and out.

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

controls the cells activities. DNA contains instructions to make proteins . The nuclear envelope has pores the function of these pores is to allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

. What is found in the nucleolus ?

A

Chromosomes

22
Q

What is the nuclear envelope and why does it have pores?

A

a double membrane it has pores to allow RNA pas between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

23
Q

Explain the structure of a mitochondrion

A

They’re usually oval-shaped.
They have a double membrane
— the inner one is folded to form structures called cristae. Inside is the matrix

24
Q

What is contained within the matrix?

A

Enzymes involved in respiration

25
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

The site of aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration produces ATP
— a common energy source in the cell.

26
Q

Typically which type of cell would contain lots of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy.

27
Q

Explain the structure of a chloroplast

A

A small, flattened structure found in plant cells and algal cells.
It’s surrounded by a double membrane, and also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes.
These membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grana.
Grana are linked together by lamellae — thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane.

28
Q

How are thylakoids arranged?

A

stacks called grana

29
Q

What does the lamella connect

A

Grana

30
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

31
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs.

32
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes

33
Q

What is a Golgi vesicle?

A

A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the golgi apparatus

34
Q

Function of golgi vesicle

A

Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell.

35
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane,
with no clear internal structure. It’s a type of Golgi vesicle.

36
Q

What are the enzymes in a lysozyme called

A

Lysozymes

37
Q

What is the function of a lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes. These are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane, and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell.

38
Q

Where are ribosomes found in the cell?

A

free in the cytoplasm
attached to the RER

39
Q

What js a ribosome made of

A

Proteins and RNA

40
Q

structure of ribosomes

A

made of rRNA and proteins, made of 2 subunits(large and small), not surrounded by membrane

41
Q

What is the function of a ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

42
Q

RER structure

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes.

43
Q

Function of RER

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

44
Q

Describe the structure of the SER

A

1- Smooth, no ribosomes attached
2- Cisternae

45
Q

Function of SER

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

46
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants algae and fungi. In plants and algae it’s made mainly of carbohydrate cellulose in fungi it’s made of chitin

47
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

48
Q

What is a cell vacuole? (Plants)

A

A membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. It contains cell sap - a weak solution of sugar and salts. The surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast.

49
Q

What is the function of the cell vacuole

A

Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid. This stops plants wilting. Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell.

50
Q

What does a group of specialised cells make

A

Tissues

51
Q

What is a group of tissues working together

A

An organ

52
Q

What is a group of organs working together

A

Organ system

Biology Topic 2 (13 decks)

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