Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
What is a eukaryote?
An organism that contains one or more cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus.
What is the nucleus?
An organelle that contains nearly all the cells genetic material.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Make RNA which is made into ribosomes.
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
Allows substances to pass into and out of the nucleus.
What is the mitochondria?
An energy-generating organelle
What does the inner membrane form?
The cristae
What is the matrix?
A liquid in the mitochondria
What is the role of the mitochondria?
produce ATP
What are ribosomes?
small organelles found in the cytoplasm and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the function of ribosomes?
They are the site of protein synthesis.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
A stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modify proteins received from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Package the modified proteins into vesicles.
What are lysosomes?
Spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane.
They are specialised vesicles.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Break down materials with powerful digestive enzymes.
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A series of flattened membranes with ribosomes attached to them.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Transport proteins that were made by the ribosomes.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A series of flattened membranes.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
It is involved in the production of lipids.
What are centrioles?
Self replicating organelles made up of bundles of microtubules.
What is the function of centrioles?
Organise cell division
What is the function of cilia and flagella in eukaryotes?
locomotion
What is the function of cilia in multicellular organisms?
move fluid or materials past an immobile cell
Describe the hormone production sequence (insulin)?
- mRNA copy of the gene for insulin is made in the nucleus
- mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore
- mRNA attaches to a ribosome, the ribosome read the instructions to assemble the protein insulin
- insulin molecules are pinched off in vesicles and travel towards the Golgi apparatus
- vesicle fuses with Golgi apparatus
- Golgi apparatus processes and packages insulin molecules ready for release
- Packaged insulin molecules are pinched off in vesicles molecules from the Golgi apparatus and move towards cell surface membrane.
- Vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane
- Cell surface membrane opens to release insulin molecules ready for release
Describe the production of protein
- The nucleus copies the instructions for the protein in the DNA into mRNA
- The mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus through pores and attaches to a ribosome
- The ribosome reads the instructions and uses the codes to assemble the protein
- The assembled protein is pinched off in a vesicle and transported to the Golgi apparatus
- The Golgi apparatus packages the protein and may also modify it so that it is ready for release. The protein is packaged into a vesicle and moved to the cell surface membrane
