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SP MCAT Biology > Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 basic tenets of cell theory?

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. cells arise only from preexisting cells
  4. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA
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2
Q

Are viruses considered living organisms?

A

No because they are not able to reproduce on their own – replicate by invading other organisms – and genetic information is in the form of RNA

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3
Q

What organelles are found in a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • membrane-bound organelles*
  • endocytotic vesicle
  • centrioles
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • golgi apparatus
  • ER
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
  • nuclear membrane
  • cell membrane
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4
Q

Describe the cell membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • surface is hydrophilic (electrostatic interaction with aqueous environment inside and outside of cell)
  • inner layer is hydrophobic (provides highly selective barrier between inside and outside of cell)
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5
Q

Cytosol

A

allows for diffusion of molecules inside of the cell

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6
Q

Nucleus

A
  • contains genetic material for replication

- surrounded by the nuclear membrane/envelope (double membrane that keeps nuclear environment distinct from cytoplasm)

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7
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A
  • located in the nuclear membrane/envelope

- allows for selective 2-way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

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8
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A
  • subsection of the nucleus
  • where rRNA is synthesized
  • takes of 25% of the volume of the entire nucleus
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9
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • powerhouse of the cell
  • evolved from an anaerobic prokaryote engulfing an aerobic prokaryote and establishing a symbiotic relationship
  • can kill the cell by releasing enzymes from ETC
  • semiautonomous (contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of nucleus via binary fission)
  • cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance (transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus)
  • has its own DNA
  • inherit all of our mitochondria from maternal parent
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10
Q

Explain the structure/function of the mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane: serves as barrier between cytosol and inner mitochondrial environment
  • inner membrane: contains numerous infoldings called cristae that contain molecules/enzymes necessary for ETC and increase SA for ETC enzymes; location of ETC
  • intermembrane space: space btw inner and outer membranes
  • mitochondrial matrix: space inside of the inner membrane, where all metabolic pathways occur
  • pumping of protons from matrix to intermembrane space establishes the proton-motive force and allows for generation of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
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11
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • membrane bound organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down substances from endocytosis and cellular waste
  • involved in retrograde transport
  • function in conjunction with endosomes
  • release of hydrolytic enzymes into cell leads to autolysis
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12
Q

Endosomes

A

transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to/from the membrane

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13
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • series of interconnected membranes that are contiguous with the nuclear envelope
  • has a double membrane that is folded into invaginations
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14
Q

Rough ER

A

contains ribosomes which allow translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into lumen of ER

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15
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • lacks ribosomes
  • utilized for lipid synthesis (ex. phospholipids in cell membrane)
  • detox of drugs/poisons
  • transports proteins from rough ER to golgi
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16
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • contains stacked membrane-bound sacs
  • receives materials from ER contained in vesicles
  • modifies products via addition of carbs and phosphates and sulfates
  • can modify products via introduction of signal sequences
  • modifies cell products -> repackages products in vesicles -> transfer vesicles to correct cell location
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17
Q

How are products released from a cell?

A

exocytosis – secretory vesicle from golgi merges with cell membrane and releases its contents

18
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • contain hydrogen peroxide which breaks down long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation
  • participate in synthesis of phospholipids and contain some enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway
  • specialized metabolic functions that produce H2O2 as a bi-product which is converted into water
19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • consists of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments
  • provides structure to the cell, maintains cell shape, and provides conduit for transport of materials around cell
20
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • made of solid polymerized rods of actin

- play a role in cytokinesis by forming a cleavage furrow

21
Q

Actin Filaments

A
  • make-up microfilaments
  • organized into bundles/networks
  • resistant to compression and fracture
  • use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin
22
Q

Microtubules

A
  • hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

- provide primary pathways for motor proteins kinesin and dyenin to carry vesicles

23
Q

Cilia

A
  • mobile structure compose of microtubules
  • involved in movement of materials along surface of cell
  • line the respiratory tract
24
Q

Flagella

A
  • motile structure composed of microtubules

- involved in movement of cell itself (ex. sperm)

25
Q

9+2 Structure

A
  • structure with 9 pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring with 2 microtubules in the center
  • only seen in eukaryotic organelles of motility (ex. cilia, flagella)
26
Q

Centrioles

A
  • found in the centrosome
  • organizing centers for microtubules
  • structured as 9 triplets of microtubules with a hollow center
27
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  • group of filamentous proteins (ex. keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins)
  • involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of integrity of cytoskeleton
  • make cell structure rigid
  • help anchor organelles like the nucleus
28
Q

What are the 4 different types of tissues?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
29
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • covers body and lines body cavities
  • provides means for protection against pathogen invasion
  • cells are tightly joined to each other and to an underlying layer of connective tissue called the basement membrane
  • cells are often polarized with one side facing a lumen (inside of organ) and other side facing blood vessels/structural cells
  • can be classified by layer (simple, stratified, pseudostratified) or shape (cuboidal, columnar, squamous)
30
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

have one layer of cells

31
Q

Stratified Epithelia

A

have multiple layers of cells

32
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelia

A

appear to have multiple layers due to height difference between cells but really just have one layer

33
Q

Cuboidal Cells

A

cube-shaped

34
Q

Columnar Cells

A

long and thin shape

35
Q

Squamous Cells

A

flat and scalelike shape

36
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • supports body and provides framework for epithelial cells to carry out their function
  • main contributor to the stroma (support structure) of the cell (ex. cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood)
  • most cells of this tissue secrete materials like collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix
37
Q

What subunits are found in eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

40s and 60s subunits

38
Q

Intercellular

A

between cells

39
Q

Intracellular

A

inside of cells

40
Q

Phagocytosis

A

taking up of food particles from outside of the cell

SP MCAT Biology (21 decks)

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