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Cells (1) > Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How many organelles (that we need to know) are in a eukaryotic cell?

A

10

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2
Q

What are the 8 organelles in both a plant and an animal cell?

A

Nucleus
Cell Surface Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus/Vesicles
Rough and Smooth ER

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3
Q

What are the 3 organelles that are only in a plant cell?

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast

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4
Q

What are the 5 sub particles in a nucleus?

A

Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Chromosomes
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores

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5
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane.

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6
Q

What do the nuclear pores do? Where are they?

A

They are in the nuclear envelope and they allow the mRNA to come out of the nucleus.

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7
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

Granular jelly-like material.

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8
Q

What is inside the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes which are protein-bound linear DNA.

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9
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site of rRNA production and makes ribosomes.

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10
Q

What are the 2 functions of the nucleus?

A

Site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA)
The nucleus contains the genetic code for each cell.

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11
Q

What is ER?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of ER?

A

Smooth ER
Rough ER

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13
Q

What do smooth and rough ER have?

A

Folded membranes called cisternae

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14
Q

What difference do rER have compared to sER?

A

rER have ribosomes on the surface.

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15
Q

What is the function of rER?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

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16
Q

What is the function of sER?

A

Where lipids are synthesised and stored.
Where carbohydrates are stored.

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17
Q

What does the golgi apparatus have?

A

Folded membranes called cisternae.

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18
Q

What are the things on the golgi apparatus?

A

Secretory vesicles pinching off from the cisternae.

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19
Q

What are the 6 functions of the golgi apparatus?

A

Secretes carbohydrates
Forms lysosomes
Produces secretory enzymes
Transports, modifies and stores lipids.
Carbohydrates can be added to proteins to make glycoproteins.
Processes, packages and stores proteins.

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20
Q

What happens in the golgi apparatus after the molecules are modified?

A

The vesicle takes the modified molecule, pinches off from the golgi apparatus and transports the molecule.

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21
Q

What happens to finished products in the golgi apparatus?

A

They are transported to the cell surface in Golgi Vesicles where they fuse with the membranes and the contents are released.

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22
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Bags of digestive enzymes.

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23
Q

How many different enzymes can one lysosome contain?

A

50

24
Q

Are lysosomes big or small?

A

Small

25
Q

What are the 4 functions of lysosomes?

A
  • Hydrolyse phagocytic cells - some lysosomes contain the enzymes lysozymes which digest the pathogens inside the phagocytes.
  • Completely break down dead cells (autolysis)
  • Exocytosis - release enzymes to outside of the cell to destroy material.
  • Digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials.
26
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration.
Site of ATP production.

27
Q

What is the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

A

Cristae.

28
Q

What is the fluid centre of the mitochondria called?

A

Mitochondrial matrix.

29
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

A

The site of one of the other stages of aerobic respiration.

30
Q

What is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

The inner membrane is folded into cristae to create a really large surface area for one of the stages of respiration.

31
Q

What does the mitochondria have? (3)

A

Loop of mitochondrial DNA
Cristae
Matrix

32
Q

What type of organelle is mitochondria?

A

Double membrane organelle

33
Q

Function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

34
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

70s and 80s ribosomes.

35
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

Proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

36
Q

What are 80s ribosomes?

A

Larger
Found in eukaryotic cells

37
Q

What are 70s ribosomes?

A

Smaller
Found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplast.

38
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

A fluid filled area.

39
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

A single membrane surrounding the vacuole.

40
Q

3 functions of vacuole?

A

Makes cells turgid and thus provides support.
Temporary store of sugars and amino acids.
The pigment may colour petals to attract pollinators.

41
Q

What kind of organelle is a chloroplast?

A

A double membrane organelle.

42
Q

What are thykaloids?

A

Folded membranes embedded with pigment.

43
Q

What are grana?

A

Thykaloids stacked up.

44
Q

Singular of grana?

A

Granum.

45
Q

What do stroma do?

A

They are fluid filled and contain enzymes for photosynthesis.

46
Q

Function of chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis.

47
Q

Where are cell walls found?

A

Plant and fungi cells.

48
Q

What is the cell wall made up of in plant cells?

A

Cellulose - microfibrils of the cellulose polymer.

49
Q

What is the cell wall made up of in fungi cells?

A

Chitin - a polysaccharide containing nitrogen

50
Q

Function of cell wall?

A

Provides structural strength to the cell.

51
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Cell surface membrane.

52
Q

Function of plasma membrane?

A

Controls the entrance and exit of molecules.

53
Q

Where is the plasma membrane found?

A

On the outside of all cells.

54
Q

Describe the structure of plasma membrane?

A

Has a phospholipid bilayer.

55
Q

What happens if the molecule is too big to enter or exit through the plasma membrane?

A

The molecule must be lipid soluble and if it isn’t it must be transported by a channel or carrier protein.

Cells (1) (6 decks)

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