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Biology Module 2 > Eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

organelles def

A

structures within a cell
(sub- cellular structures)

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains the cytosol, organelles and structural protein and cytoskeleton of a cell.

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3
Q

cytosol

A

aqueous component of the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Structures only in animal cells

A

centrioles and micro villi

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5
Q

structures only in plant cells

A

cellulose, cell wall, large permanent vacuoles , chloroplasts

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6
Q

Nucleus structure

A
  • Surrounded by a double membrane (nucleus envelope)
  • contains chromatin which consists of DNA wound around histone proteins. The chromatin condenses to from chromosomes, they are only visible when dividing.
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7
Q

Nucleus envelope structure

A
  • surrounds nucleus
  • contains pores
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8
Q

Nucleolus structure

A
  • doesn’t contain a membrane
  • contains RNA and proteins
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9
Q

Nucleus function

A

-directs protein synthesis
- controls metabolic activity of the cell.

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10
Q

Nucleus envelope function

A
  • separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell
  • protects the DNA from damage to cytoplasm
    -Allows movement from in and out of the nucleus
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11
Q

Nucleolus function

A

responsible for producing ribosomes and where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed

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12
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

-2-5 μm long
-double membrane. the inner membrane olds inwards to form cristae.
- centre of mitochondria filled with fluid called the matrix

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13
Q

mitochondria function

A
  • Site of cellular aerobic respiration
    -Self replicating, so more can be made if the cells energy needs increase
  • There’s many of them where many metabolic activity takes place eg, liver cells.
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14
Q

Ribosomes structure

A
  • Small spherical organelles around 20 nm in diameter
  • Made of ribosomal RNA
  • Some attached to Rough endoplasmic reticulum or they may be floating free in the cytoplasm
  • made from 2 separate sub units which passes through nuclear envelope then combine.
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15
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Used in protein synthesis
- bound ribosomes usually synthesise proteins that will be exported out of the cell
- ribosomes in cytoplasm usually synthesise proteins that will be used within the cell

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16
Q

Cell surface membrane structure

A
  • made up of a phospholipid bilayer.
  • partially permeable
  • fragile
    -boundary of all cells
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17
Q

Cell surface membrane function

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

18
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A
  • stack of membrane bound flattened sacs
    -formed of cisternae
  • has a cis and trans face (opposing sides)
19
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A
  • stores, modifies and packages proteins into vesicles which are then pinched off
  • modifies proteins by being folded, having sugars added, adding lipid molecules
20
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A
  • ribosomes bound to surface
  • contains cisternae which is continuous of the nuclear membrane
21
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

-The cisternae form channels for transporting substances from one area of cell to another
-large surface area for ribosomes

22
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A
  • No ribosomes on surface
  • contains cisternae which is continuous of the nuclear membrane
23
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A
  • contains enzymes which catalyse reactions involved with lipid metabolism
  • involved with absorption, synthesis and transport of lipids
24
Q

Vesicles structure

A

-membrane bound sacs with storage and transport roles
-single membrane with fluid inside

25
Q

Vesicles function

A

transport materials inside the cell

26
Q

lysosomes structure

A
  • vesicles containing powerful hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes
  • single membrane
  • Abundant in phagocytic cells that can ingest invading pathogens
27
Q

lysosomes function

A
  • keep powerful hydrolytic enzymes separate from the rest of the cell
  • can engulf old cell organelles and foreign matter, digest them and return the digested parts to cell fro reuse.
  • important role in programmed cell death
28
Q

Micro tubules (cilia) structure

A

-Part of the cytoskeleton
- form: cilia and centrioles
- can be stationary or mobile
- mobile cilia beat in a rhythmic manner, creating a current
- hair like
each cilium contains 2 micro-tubules surrounded by 9 pairs of micro-tubules

29
Q

Micro tubules (cilia) function

A
  • provide motility
    -used to move substances outside human cells
30
Q

micro tubules (undulipodia) structure

A
  • like flagella (eukaryotic version)
  • whip like extensions
  • found on sperm cells
31
Q

micro tubules (undulipodia) function

A
  • used as a sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in cells environment
32
Q

Centrioles structure

A
  • consist of two bundles of micro tubules at right angles to each other
  • the micro tubules are made of protein sub units and arranged to form a cylinder
33
Q

centrioles function

A
  • aid in cell division by migrating to opposite ends of the nucleus (organisation of the spindle in animal cells)
  • can be seen during cell division
  • organises the spindle fibres during cell division
34
Q

chloroplasts structure

A
  • 4-10 μm long
  • found only in plant cells
  • surrounded by a double membrane
  • inner membrane is continuous with thylakoids
  • enclosed fluid called stroma
  • internal network of membranes called thylakoids
  • several thylakoids called a garnum
  • several garnum called a grana
  • grana joined by lamellae
  • grana contain chlorophyll
35
Q

chloroplasts function

A
  • absorption of light which is the catalyst for photosynthesis
  • light independent stage of photosynthesis takes place in the stroma
  • chlorophyll pigments is where the light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs
    -internal membranes provides large surface areas needed for the enzymes, proteins and pigment molecules necessary in photosynthesis process.
  • starch stored as starch grains
  • able to self replicate as they contain ribosomes and DNA
36
Q

cell wall structure

A

-contents of cell press up against cell wall
-rigid and protective barrier
- located outside of the cell membrane
- freely permeable
- located on outside of plasma membrane
- made of cellulose fibres
- contains gaps called plasmodesmata

37
Q

cell wall function

A
  • cellulose provides structural support
  • gaps of the plasmodesmata is where narrow threads of cytoplasm connect one cell to the next
38
Q

vacuoles structure

A
  • large and central
  • permanent in plant cells, smaller permanent in animal cells
  • bound by a membrane called the tonoplast
39
Q

Vacuoles function

A
  • storage for food, water, enzymes, wastes, pigments ect.
  • when full, maintains cell stability as it pushes against cell wall, making cell turgid
40
Q

eukaryotic def

A

contains membrane bound organelles, has a true nucleus

41
Q

fungi cell wall is made out of

A

chitin

42
Q

plant cell wall made out of

A

cellulose

Biology Module 2 (9 decks)

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