Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
plasma membrane (cell membrane) structure
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
plasma membrane (cell membrane) function
Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell
Nucleus structure
bounded by a double membrane which contains many pores and contains DNA
Nucleus function
The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material
Mitochondrion structure
Smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane (cristae)
Matrix: fluid around cristae which contains enzymes
Mitochondrion function
is cellular respiration, facilitating the production of ATP
Chloroplast structure
contains a plant cell’s thylakoids, stroma and grana, and chlorophyll
Chloroplast function
Site of photosynthesis
Golgi apparatus structure
a stack of flattened membrane bound fluid filled sacs and vesicles often seen at edges of the sacs
Golgi vesicle structure
A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus function
Processes and packages new lipids and proteins and also makes lysosomes
Golgi vesicle function
Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell.
Lysosome structure
A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure
type of golgi vesicle
Lysosome function
Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes which can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out cell components.
Ribosome structure
Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins
Lies free in cytoplasm or attached to RER
Ribosome function
site of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure
Similar to RER but with no ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function
Synthesises and processes lipids
Cell wall structure
rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae & fungi.
made of cellulose in plants and algae, and chitin in fungi
Cell wall function
provides support and protection and prevents the cell changing shape
Cell vacuole structure
a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells.
contains cell sap - weak solution of sugars & salts.
the surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast
Cell vacuole function
helps to maintain pressure inside the cell & keep the cell rigid.
this stops the plant wilting.
also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell
What is the difference between organs and tissues?
Organ - Different tissues are grouped together to perform a particular function
Tissues - Group of similar cells grouped together
What is murein and where is it found in the prokaryotic cell?
Glycoprotein
Cell Wall
What is a capsid?
The protein coat that surrounds the core of genetic material in a virus
What is the role of viral attachment proteins?
To bind to complementary receptor proteins on the host cell and allow the virus to enter the host cell
Explain why specimens have to be kept in a near vacuum in order to be viewed effectively using an electron microscope.
Electrons are absorbed by the molecules in the air
Describe how to prepare a temporary mount microscope slide
Pipette small drop of water on the slide
Place a thin section of specimen onto water using tweezers
Add stain to specimen (iodine)
Carefully place coverslip onto slide
Prepare slide in microscope using stage clips
What is a microscope artefact?
Things you can see down the microscope which is not part of the cell or specimen
Describe how a scientist could separate the organelles from other plant cells.
Add a buffer solution to the sample
Grind the cells in a blender
Then filter the solution to remove cell and tissue debris
After seperation, the solution containing organelles are kept in an ice bath. Explain why.
At lower temperatures the activity of enzymes that break down organelles is reduced
