Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

plasma membrane (cell membrane) structure

Answer 1

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 2

plasma membrane (cell membrane) function

Answer 2

Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell

Question 3

Nucleus structure

Answer 3

bounded by a double membrane which contains many pores and contains DNA

Question 4

Nucleus function

Answer 4

The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material

Question 5

Mitochondrion structure

Answer 5

Smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane (cristae)

Matrix: fluid around cristae which contains enzymes

Question 6

Mitochondrion function

Answer 6

is cellular respiration, facilitating the production of ATP

Question 7

Chloroplast structure

Answer 7

contains a plant cell’s thylakoids, stroma and grana, and chlorophyll

Question 8

Chloroplast function

Answer 8

Site of photosynthesis

Question 9

Golgi apparatus structure

Answer 9

a stack of flattened membrane bound fluid filled sacs and vesicles often seen at edges of the sacs

Question 10

Golgi vesicle structure

Answer 10

A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the golgi apparatus

Question 11

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 11

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins and also makes lysosomes

Question 12

Golgi vesicle function

Answer 12

Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell.

Question 13

Lysosome structure

Answer 13

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure

type of golgi vesicle

Question 14

Lysosome function

Answer 14

Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes which can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out cell components.

Question 15

Ribosome structure

Answer 15

Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins

Lies free in cytoplasm or attached to RER

Question 16

Ribosome function

Answer 16

site of protein synthesis

Question 17

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

Answer 17

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes.

Question 18

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

Answer 18

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

Question 19

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

Answer 19

Similar to RER but with no ribosomes

Question 20

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

Answer 20

Synthesises and processes lipids

Question 21

Cell wall structure

Answer 21

rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae & fungi.

made of cellulose in plants and algae, and chitin in fungi

Question 22

Cell wall function

Answer 22

provides support and protection and prevents the cell changing shape

Question 23

Cell vacuole structure

Answer 23

a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells.

contains cell sap - weak solution of sugars & salts.

the surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast

Question 24

Cell vacuole function

Answer 24

helps to maintain pressure inside the cell & keep the cell rigid.

this stops the plant wilting.

also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell

Question 25

What is the difference between organs and tissues?

Answer 25

Organ - Different tissues are grouped together to perform a particular function

Tissues - Group of similar cells grouped together

Question 26

What is murein and where is it found in the prokaryotic cell?

Answer 26

Glycoprotein

Cell Wall

Question 27

What is a capsid?

Answer 27

The protein coat that surrounds the core of genetic material in a virus

Question 28

What is the role of viral attachment proteins?

Answer 28

To bind to complementary receptor proteins on the host cell and allow the virus to enter the host cell

Question 29

Explain why specimens have to be kept in a near vacuum in order to be viewed effectively using an electron microscope.

Answer 29

Electrons are absorbed by the molecules in the air

Question 30

Describe how to prepare a temporary mount microscope slide

Answer 30

Pipette small drop of water on the slide

Place a thin section of specimen onto water using tweezers

Add stain to specimen (iodine)

Carefully place coverslip onto slide

Prepare slide in microscope using stage clips

Question 31

What is a microscope artefact?

Answer 31

Things you can see down the microscope which is not part of the cell or specimen

Question 32

Describe how a scientist could separate the organelles from other plant cells.

Answer 32

Add a buffer solution to the sample

Grind the cells in a blender

Then filter the solution to remove cell and tissue debris

Question 33

After seperation, the solution containing organelles are kept in an ice bath. Explain why.

Answer 33

At lower temperatures the activity of enzymes that break down organelles is reduced