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Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monomer

A

single-molecule; small chemical unit that makes up a polymer by forming bonds

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2
Q

Polymer

A

A long chain of monomers chemically bonded together.

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3
Q

3 Examples of monomers

A
  • amino acids
  • monosaccharides
  • nucleotides
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4
Q

3 Examples of polymers

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic Acids
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5
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A reaction in which 2 monomers become chemically bonded to each other to form a polymer through the loss of a water molecule

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6
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

The addition of a water molecule to break down a polymer into monomers by breaking a chemical bond

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7
Q

All carbohydrates contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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8
Q

Carbohydrates general formula

A

(CH2O)n

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9
Q

The 3 important monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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10
Q

Isomer

A

compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

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11
Q

Alpha and Beta glucose

A

H and OH swapped on Carbon 1.

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12
Q

Maltose equation

A

alpha glucose + alpha glucose

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13
Q

Sucrose equation

A

glucose + fructose

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14
Q

Lactose equation

A

glucose + galactose

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15
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s test.

Add 2cm cubed of test solution.

Add to your solution, an equal amount of Benedict’s solution,

Heat in a water bath and if reducing sugars are present the benedicts will turn brick red.

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16
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars

A

If negative (stays blue), hydrolyse the substance with HCl

Boil

Neutralise with NaOH

Add Benedict’s

Brick red precipitate indicates non-reducing sugar.

17
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polysaccharides are formed when more than two monosaccharides are joined together by condensation reactions and glycosidic bonds.

18
Q

Why is starch used as an energy molecule?

A

Starch is insoluble so it doesn’t affect the water potential.
Starch can be compact so it can be stored in a small volume.

19
Q

What type of bond between monomers does starch have?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds in amylose

1-4 and 1-6 in amylopection

20
Q

What type of bonds between monomers does cellulose have?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

21
Q

What type of bonds between monomers does glycogen have?

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

22
Q

What monomers is starch made from?

A

Alpha Glucose

23
Q

What monomers is cellulose made from?

A

Beta glucose

24
Q

What monomers is glycogen made from?

A

Alpha glucose

25
Q

Structure of starch

A

Made of 2 polymers

Amylose - Unbranched Helix

Amylopecctin - A branched molecule

26
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

Polymer forms long, straight chains

Chains are held in parallel by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils

27
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

A highly branched molecule

28
Q

How does starch structure lead to function?

A

Helix can compact to fit a lot of glucose in a small space

29
Q

How does cellulose structure lead to function?

A

Many hydrogen bonds provide collective strength

Insoluble - Wont affect water potential

30
Q

How does structure of glycogen lead to function?

A

Branched structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose

Insoluble - Wont affect water potential

31
Q

Name the 4 colours benedicts reagent displays with increasing concentrations of reducing sugars.

A

Blue
Green
Orange
Brick Red

32
Q

Before testing with benedicts reagent what must be done to sample suspected of being a non reducing sugar?

A

BOIL with HCl then add NAOH to neautralise

33
Q

When testing for reducing sugars what temperature should the experiment be carried out at?

A

100 degrees celcius

34
Q

What is the test for a plant storage polysaccharide?

A

Test for starch

Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide

Blue/Black - starch present

35
Q

What feature of polysaccharides makes them most suitable as a storage molecule?

A

Too large - Cannot leave the cell

Coiled/Helical - Compact

Insoluble - No osmotic effect

36
Q

What are microfibrils?

A

Small components in cell walls with long chains of monomers

held in parallel by hydrogen bonds

to provide strength in cell wall

Biology (6 decks)

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