eukaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell which contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- makes up multicellular organisms

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2
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear pores allow movement of molecules eg. mRNA
  • double membrane forms nuclear envelope
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3
Q

describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • contains genetic info (DNA) which directs protein synthesis
  • DNA associates with histone proteins forming chromatin - prevents DNA getting tangled
  • controls metabolic processes
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4
Q

describe the nucleolus

A
  • within nucleus
  • produces ribosomes
  • made of proteins and RNA
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5
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane folded to form cristae
  • fluid interior = matrix
  • contains mitochondrial DNA
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6
Q

describe the function of mitochondria

A
  • site of aerobic respiration
  • ATP production
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7
Q

describe the structure and function of vesicles

A
  • membranous sacs for storage and transport made of phospholipid bilayer
  • contains fluid
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8
Q

describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A
  • specialised vesicles
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • breaks down waste and pathogens
  • important in immune system
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9
Q

state the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate fibres
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10
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (micofilaments)

A
  • contractile fibres
  • formed from actin protein
  • movement and contraction during cytokinesis
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11
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (microtubules)

A
  • globular tublin proteins
  • polymerise to form tubes
  • acts like scaffold structure
  • holds shape and allows movement
  • composes spindle fibres
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12
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (intermediate fibres)

A
  • mechanical strength
  • maintains integrity
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13
Q

summarise the function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • mechanical strength
  • allows movement of organelles
  • holds shape
  • important in composition of spindle fibres and cytokinesis
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14
Q

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of membranes
  • flattened sacs called cisternae
  • connected to nucleus
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15
Q

describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

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16
Q

describe the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • protein synthesis and transport
  • ribosomes are bound to the surface
17
Q

describe the structure and function of the golgi apparatus

A
  • stack of membrane bound cisternae
  • modifies and packages proteins into vesicles - eg. changing protein structure or attaching diff. molecules
18
Q

outline the structure of ribosomes

A
  • free floating or attached to RER
  • not surrounded by a membrane
  • constructed of RNA made in nucleolus
19
Q

describe the function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

20
Q

outline the function of vacuoles

A
  • large vesicles
  • surrounded by thin membrane
  • filled with fluid + molecules it takes in
21
Q

outline the functions of vacuoles

A
  • membrane-bound (selectively permeable membrane around a permanent vacuole in a plant cell - tonoplast), carry substances
  • permanent vacuoles (in plants) - contain cell sap
  • temp. food vacuoles - formed from plasma membrane, engulf food and lysosome fuses with it to give it enzymes to digest the food
22
Q

outline the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • surrounded by an envelope
  • within the envelope - internal network of membranes which form flattened sacs - thylakoids
  • stacked thylakoids - granum (contain chlorophyll pigments) which are joined together by lamellae
  • internal liquid - stroma
  • have their own ribosomes (70s) and DNA to produce their own proteins.
23
Q

outline the function of chloroplasts

A

the site of photosynthesis

24
Q

outline the structure of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer with various proteins and cholesterol

25
outline the function of plasma membrane
controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell
26
outline the structure of cell wall
made of fibrils of cellulose embedded in a matrix of other molecules
27
outline the function of cell wall
- protects from pathogens - gives cell its shape - high tensile strength allows plant cells to become turgid + press against cell wall, making it rigid - supports both cell and the plant - freely permeable - gaps so important molecules can get thru - plasmodesmata - connections of cytoplasm through cell walls - allow transport of substances between adjacent cells
28
outline the structure of centrioles
- component of cytoskeleton - composed of microtubules (9 sets of 3 microtubules)
29
outline the function of centrioles
- play a role in positioning of cilia/flagella - two associated centrioles form a centrosome - involved in assembly and organisation of spindle fibers during cell div
30
state 4 examples of eukaryotic cells
- erythrocyte - leukocyte - oocyte - hepatocyte
31
state 2 examples of prokaryotic cells
- e. coli - streptococcus bacterium
32