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Biology 2.1.1 - Cell Structure > eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell which contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- makes up multicellular organisms

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2
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear pores allow movement of molecules eg. mRNA
  • double membrane forms nuclear envelope
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3
Q

describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • contains genetic info (DNA) which directs protein synthesis
  • DNA associates with histone proteins forming chromatin - prevents DNA getting tangled
  • controls metabolic processes
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4
Q

describe the nucleolus

A
  • within nucleus
  • produces ribosomes
  • made of proteins and RNA
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5
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane folded to form cristae
  • fluid interior = matrix
  • contains mitochondrial DNA
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6
Q

describe the function of mitochondria

A
  • site of aerobic respiration
  • ATP production
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7
Q

describe the structure and function of vesicles

A
  • membranous sacs for storage and transport made of phospholipid bilayer
  • contains fluid
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8
Q

describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A
  • specialised vesicles
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • breaks down waste and pathogens
  • important in immune system
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9
Q

state the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate fibres
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10
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (micofilaments)

A
  • contractile fibres
  • formed from actin protein
  • movement and contraction during cytokinesis
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11
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (microtubules)

A
  • globular tublin proteins
  • polymerise to form tubes
  • acts like scaffold structure
  • holds shape and allows movement
  • composes spindle fibres
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12
Q

describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton (intermediate fibres)

A
  • mechanical strength
  • maintains integrity
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13
Q

summarise the function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • mechanical strength
  • allows movement of organelles
  • holds shape
  • important in composition of spindle fibres and cytokinesis
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14
Q

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of membranes
  • flattened sacs called cisternae
  • connected to nucleus
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15
Q

describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

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16
Q

describe the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • protein synthesis and transport
  • ribosomes are bound to the surface
17
Q

describe the structure and function of the golgi apparatus

A
  • stack of membrane bound cisternae
  • modifies and packages proteins into vesicles - eg. changing protein structure or attaching diff. molecules
18
Q

outline the structure of ribosomes

A
  • free floating or attached to RER
  • not surrounded by a membrane
  • constructed of RNA made in nucleolus
19
Q

describe the function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

20
Q

outline the function of vacuoles

A
  • large vesicles
  • surrounded by thin membrane
  • filled with fluid + molecules it takes in
21
Q

outline the functions of vacuoles

A
  • membrane-bound (selectively permeable membrane around a permanent vacuole in a plant cell - tonoplast), carry substances
  • permanent vacuoles (in plants) - contain cell sap
  • temp. food vacuoles - formed from plasma membrane, engulf food and lysosome fuses with it to give it enzymes to digest the food
22
Q

outline the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • surrounded by an envelope
  • within the envelope - internal network of membranes which form flattened sacs - thylakoids
  • stacked thylakoids - granum (contain chlorophyll pigments) which are joined together by lamellae
  • internal liquid - stroma
  • have their own ribosomes (70s) and DNA to produce their own proteins.
23
Q

outline the function of chloroplasts

A

the site of photosynthesis

24
Q

outline the structure of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer with various proteins and cholesterol

25
Q

outline the function of plasma membrane

A

controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell

26
Q

outline the structure of cell wall

A

made of fibrils of cellulose embedded in a matrix of other molecules

27
Q

outline the function of cell wall

A
  • protects from pathogens
  • gives cell its shape
  • high tensile strength allows plant cells to become turgid + press against cell wall, making it rigid - supports both cell and the plant
  • freely permeable - gaps so important molecules can get thru
  • plasmodesmata - connections of cytoplasm through cell walls - allow transport of substances between adjacent cells
28
Q

outline the structure of centrioles

A
  • component of cytoskeleton
  • composed of microtubules (9 sets of 3 microtubules)
29
Q

outline the function of centrioles

A
  • play a role in positioning of cilia/flagella
  • two associated centrioles form a centrosome - involved in assembly and organisation of spindle fibers during cell div
30
Q

state 4 examples of eukaryotic cells

A
  • erythrocyte
  • leukocyte
  • oocyte
  • hepatocyte
31
Q

state 2 examples of prokaryotic cells

A
  • e. coli
  • streptococcus bacterium
32
Q
A

Biology 2.1.1 - Cell Structure (7 decks)

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