Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
To understand the structures and functions of eukaryotic organelles
What is the fungal cell wall made out of?
The fungal cell wall is made of the polymer
chitin, rather than the polysaccharide
cellulose.
Do fungal cells contain chloroplasts?
No.
What is the cell surface membrane responsible for?
The cell-surface membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell. It is made primarily from phospholipid and proteins.
It also has receptor molecules on its surface, which allows for cell signalling.
What is the nucleus responsible for?
The nucleus controls the activity of the cell. The nucleus controls transcription in the cell
What is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?
The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. The envelope itself is full of pores.
It contains chromosomes and one or more distinct structures called a nucleolus. Each
chromosome is full of DNA, the molecular instructions to make proteins.
What is the importance of mitochondria?
Mitochondria have a double membrane.
The inner membrane is folded to form cristae.
Inside the cristae is a fluid matrix. (proteins float around here)
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration - they produce ATP.
What do chloroplasts do?
The chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts also have a double membrane.
The inner membranes are called the thylakoids.
Thylakoids are stacked into grana.
Grana are linked by lamellae.
Where does photosynthesis take place?
The chloroplasts- Some parts of photosynthesis take place in the grana, other parts in the fluid stroma.
What is the golgi apparatus and what does the golgi apparatus do?
The Golgi apparatus is a group of membrane-bound sacs.
The Golgi apparatus processes and packages lipids and proteins.
Vesicles are found at the edge of these sacs.
They store lipids and proteins synthesised by the Golgi and export them out of the cell.
What do lysosomes do?
Lysosomes are a type of Golgi vesicle.
They contain lysozyme, a digestive enzyme.
Lysosomes can be used to digest invading cells or organelles that have ceased to function.
What do ribosomes do?
The ribosome synthesises proteins.
Ribosomes are very small organelles that float in the cytoplasm.
They are a mixture of protein and RNA.
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) do and what is it?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) folds and processes proteins.
The RER is covered with ribosomes.
The proteins from the ribosomes travel to the RER for further modifications.
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) do?
SER makes and processes lipids.
The SER is similar in structure to the RER but doesn’t have any ribosomes.
What is the function of the cell wall?
Cell walls support cells and helps maintain their shapes and structure
What is a vacuole and what does it do?
The vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm.
It contains cell sap, a weak solution of salts.
The membrane itself is called the tonoplast.
The vacuole maintains pressure inside the cell
