Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

Describe the function of the endoplasmic recticulum

Answer 1

• Transport and synthesise biological molecules

Question 2

Where is the endoplasmic recticulum found

Answer 2

• Next to the nucleus

Question 3

Describe the function of smooth endoplasmic recticulum

Answer 3

• Synthesises and transports lipids and carbohydrates

Question 4

Describe the function of rough endoplasmic recticulum

Answer 4

• Synthesises and transports proteins

Question 5

Why is the rough endoplasmic recticulum, rough

Answer 5

• Covered in ribosomes

Question 6

Why does the rough endoplasmic recticulum need ribosomes

Answer 6

• To synthesise proteins

Question 7

Describe the function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 7

• Modifies proteins and lipids
• Transports proteins in vesicles, to the cell membrane

Question 8

Describe how to distinguish the Golgi apparatus from the smooth endoplasmic recticulum

Answer 8

• The Golgi apparatus is further from the nucleus than the smooth endoplasmic recticulum

Question 9

Describe the function of the lysosomes

Answer 9

• Fuse with vesicle
• Releases hydrolytic enzymes

Question 10

What enzymes do lysosomes contain

Answer 10

• Lipase
• Protease

Question 11

What does lysosomes being hydrolytic mean

Answer 11

• They can break bonds

Question 12

State the waste products lysosomes can digest

Answer 12

• Worn out organelles
• Parts of ingested pathogens

Question 13

What does lysosomes being vesicles mean

Answer 13

• They can transport enzymes to the cell membrane to release them outside of the cell

Question 14

Describe the function of the nucleus

Answer 14

• Contains DNA
• the site of the first stage of protein synthesis
• synthesises ribosomes

Question 15

Describe what is meant by the nucleolus and state its function

Answer 15

• The nucleolus is a dark centre of the nucleus
• It synthesises ribosomes from RNA and proteins

Question 16

Describe what is meant by chromatin

Answer 16

• Chromatin is the genetic material found in the nucleus
• This genetic material is DNA and is found wrapped around proteins called histones
• Found in the nucleoplasm

Question 17

Describe what is meant by the nuclear envelope

Answer 17

• The nuclear envelope is the membrane surrounding the cell
• It contains pores which allow substances to leave the nucleus

Question 18

Explain how the nucleus, rough endoplasmic recticulum, and golgi work together secrete proteins
(exocytosis)

Answer 18

• The nucleus contains DNA, which codes for protein synthesis
• A copy of this code, mRNA, is made, and leaves through the pores of the nucleus
• The mRNA travels to a ribosome
• RIbosomes are found on the surface of the rough endoplasmic recticulum, which synthesises and transports proteins to the Golgi
• The Golgi modifies the proteins or packages them into vesicles
• The vesicles transport the protein into the cell membrane
• The protein then can be released outside of the cell (exocytosis)

Question 19

Describe the function of mitochondria

Answer 19

• Site of aerobic respiration
• Synthesises most of the cell’s ATP

Question 20

What are mitochondria’s 2 membranes called

Answer 20

• Inner membrane
• Outer membrane

Question 21

Describe how the structure of the inner membrane links to its function

Answer 21

• The inner membrane is folded to form a cristae, which increases the SA, for the attachment of enzymes involved in respiration
• The matrix is a fluid filled with circular DNA, ribosomes, enzymes and substrates essential for respiration