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Cells > Cell Specialisation > Flashcards

Cell Specialisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory

A
  • All known living things are made up from one or more cells
  • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms
  • All living cells arise from from pre-existing cells through cell division
  • Cells contain DNA and RNA, where DNA is passed between cells during cell division
  • Energy transfer occurs within cells
  • All cells have the same basic composition
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2
Q

Describe what is meant by unicellular

A

Made from one cell

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3
Q

Describe what is meant by multicellular

A

Made from many cells

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4
Q

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular

A

Usually unicellular

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5
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

What organelles do plant cells have, that animal cells do not

A
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Chloroplast
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7
Q

What is photosynthesis, and what organelle is required for it to take place

A
  • production of glucose using energy transferred by light
  • chloroplasts
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8
Q

What organelle does a plant cell have, that fungi do not

A

Chloroplast

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9
Q

Describe the process where we start with gametes, and end with a foetus

A
  • Gametes (haploid) are produced via meiosis, where the male gamete is sperm, the female is egg
  • During fertilisation, the gametes fuse together to form a zygote (diploid)
  • The zygote divides via mitosis, producing an embryo, which contains stem cells
  • The stem cells continue to divide and differentiate into specialised cells
  • Groups of similar specialised cells join together to form tissues
  • Multiple tissues form organs
  • Eventually the foetus is formed, and will continue to grow
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10
Q

Describe the function of stem cells

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells, which can differentiate into specialised cells

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11
Q

Explain 3 adaptations of the root hair cell

A
  • Root hair with a large SA, therefore faster rate of transport of mineral ions from the soil to the roots
  • Many mitochondria, to produce more ATP in respiration, therefore active transport can occur at a higher rate
  • Large vacuole to store more cell sap
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12
Q

Explain 3 adaptations of the red blood cell

A
  • No organelles, therefore can store more haemoglobin, to carry more oxygen
  • Biconcave shape, so larger SA, therefore faster diffusion of oxygen
  • Flexible, so it can fit through narrow blood vessels
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13
Q

Explain 3 adaptations of the sperm cell

A
  • Flagellum, therefore can move towards the egg for fertilisation
  • Many mitochondria, to produce more ATP in respiration, to release more energy for movement
  • Acrosome contains many enzymes, so the outer layer of the cell can be digested
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14
Q

Describe the function of nerve cells
(animals)

A
  • Excitable, which allows nerve impulses to be sent
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15
Q

Describe the function of epithelial tissue
(animals)

A
  • Covers surfaces, and is usually thin for efficient exchange
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16
Q

Describe the function of muscle tissue
(animals)

A
  • Can contract, to create movement
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17
Q

Describe the function of connective tissue
(animals)

A
  • Connective tissue joins parts of the body together
  • provides protection and support
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18
Q

Describe the function of dermal tissue
(plants)

A
  • Provides protection
  • Helps reduce water loss
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19
Q

Describe the function of ground tissue
(plants)

A
  • Its photosynthetic tissue
20
Q

Describe the function of vascular tissue
(plants)

A
  • Used for transport
  • e.g. xylem and phloem
21
Q

Explain why the stomach needs muscle tissue

A
  • To churn and mix the stomach contents
22
Q

Explain why the stomach needs the epithelium

A
  • To protect the stomach wall, and produce secretions
23
Q

Explain why the stomach needs connective tissue

A
  • To hold all the other tissues together
24
Q

What evidence proves that leaves are organs

A
  • Leaves have different tissues
25
Q

What 3 tissues are preset in leaves

A
  • Vascular
  • Ground
  • Dermal
26
Q

Explain the function of dermal tissue

A
  • Protect and reduce water loss
27
Q

Why do we need to prevent water loss

A
  • Water is needed for photosynthesis, and for keeping the cells turgid, keeping the cells upright
28
Q

Explain the function of ground tissues

A

Photosynthesis

29
Q

What type of specialised cells make up the ground tissue, and how are they adapted to its function

A
  • Palisade cells
  • Contain many chloroplasts, which help absorb as much light as possible for photosynthesis
30
Q

Explain the function of vascular tissue

A
  • Transport
31
Q

What are the 2 types of vascular tissues in plants

A
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
32
Q

Describe the function of the Xylem

A
  • Transports water
33
Q

Describe the function of the Phloem

A
  • Transports sugars
34
Q

Describe what is meant by a tissue

A
  • Similar specialised cells that work together to perform a specific function
35
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues in animals

A
  • Connective
  • Epidermal
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
36
Q

Why are capillaries not considered to be organs

A
  • Only contain 1 type of tissue, the epidermal tissue
37
Q

Why are arteries organs

A
  • Contain 2 types of tissues: epithelial and muscular tissue
38
Q

Describe the function of muscle tissues in the arteries

A
  • Constricts, to reduce blood flow (vasoconstriction)
  • Relaxes, to increase blood flow (vasodilation)
39
Q

Describe what is meant by an organ system

A
  • A group of organs that work together as a single unit, to carry out a life process
40
Q

What are the 2 main organ systems in plants

A
  • The shoot system
  • The root system
41
Q

Describe what is meant by the shoot system

A
  • The system which transports food and water throughout the plant
  • Includes leaves, stems and flowers
42
Q

Describe what is meant by the root system

A
  • The system which anchors the plant, and takes in water and nutrients
43
Q
A
44
Q
A
45
Q
A

Cells (25 decks)

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