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Cell Structure (pack 2) > Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What does eukaryotic mean?

A

Cells contain a “true nucleus” surrounded by nuclear envelope and other membrane bound organelles
Contains DNA (genetic code)

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2
Q

Nucleus functions (three)

A

Contains generic material (DNA in chromosomes)
Controls cell activities
Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes

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3
Q

Nuclear envelope functions (two)

A

Controls entry and exit of substances
Contains reactions inside the nucleus

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4
Q

Nuclear pores functions (one)

A

Allows passage of large molecules such as mRNA out of nucleus

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5
Q

Nucleolus function

A

rRNA manufactured and ribosomes assembled here

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6
Q

What does protein bound mean?

A

The DNA is wound around proteins called histones

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7
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Small
Made up of two sub units of protein and rRNA

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8
Q

What is the size of ribosomes in cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

A

80 s (subunits)

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9
Q

What is the size of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A

70 s

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10
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeable and so it regulates what can enter/leave the cell

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12
Q

What is the cell theory proposed in 1839 by Schleiden and Schwann?

A

Cell is the most basic unit of life
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
All cells arise from existing living cells

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Folded membranes (cisternae)
Rough- ribosomes on it

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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Large surface area that processes proteins from ribosomes
Pathway for transport of materials (proteins)

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15
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions

A

Synthesis, stores and transports lipids
Synthesis, stores and transports carbohydrates

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16
Q

What types of cells will contain a lot of rough er?

A

Cells that need a lot of protein
e.g. Muscle, intestinal epidermis

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17
Q

How many cistenae will you find in one cell?

A

Only one

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18
Q

Why does there sometimes appear to be more than one cisternae?

A

If the cell is cut transfersly (cross-section) then a 2D

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19
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Folded membranes making cisternae

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20
Q

Golgi apparatus functions

A

Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produces secretory enzymes
Proteins processed, packaged and modified
Forms lysosomes

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21
Q

Golgi vesicle structure

A

Small rounded hollow structures

22
Q

Golgi vesicle function

A

Transport substances to and from the Golgi apparatus (lipids and proteins)

23
Q

What produces lysosomes?

A

Golgi apparatus

24
Q

What size are lysosomes?

A

Medium size (up to 1um)

25
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

Bags of digestive enzymes (can contain 50 different enzymes)

26
Q

Lysosomes functions

A

Hydrolyse phagocytic cells
Completely breaks down dead cells
Release any useful materials that can be recycled

27
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane, inner membrane called cristae
Fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
Loop of mitochondria DNA

28
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Site of aerobic respiration
Site of ATP production

29
Q

Why do mitochondria sometimes appear to be round?

A

Orientation when cut - longitidinal / transverse

30
Q

What is respiration?

A

Release of energy from glucose

31
Q

Which molecule is used for energy in cells?

A

ATP

32
Q

Which types of cells have many mitochondria (need lots of energy)?

A

Metabolically active cells e.g. Muscle cells

33
Q

Chloroplasts structure

A

Double membrane
Contains thylakoids (folded membranes embedded with pigment)
Fluid filled stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis

34
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Site of photosynthesis

35
Q

How are chloroplasts adapted for there function?

A

Grand - large surface area for attachment of chlorophyllneeded for the first stage of photosynthesis
Stroma - contains enzymes for second stage of photosynthesis
DNA and ribosomes - for quick synthesis of proteins for photosynthesis

36
Q

Plants have chloroplasts. Can you name another type of organism that contains chloroplasts?

A

Algae

37
Q

Vacuole structure

A

Filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast

38
Q

Vacuole functions

A

Make cells turgid and therefore provide support
Temporary store of sugars and amino acids
Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinators

39
Q

What cells have cell walls?

A

Plant and fungi cells

40
Q

Cell wall structure (in plants)

A

Made of cellulose microfibrils

41
Q

Cell wall function

A

Mechanical strength
Allows water to more along it contributing to water movement through the pants

42
Q

What are fungi cell walls made out of?

A

Chitin, glycan and glycoproteins

43
Q

What are algae cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose and/or glycoproteins

44
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Cells have to be broken up and the different organelles are separated out

45
Q

What are the 4 steps of homogenisation?

A

-Tissue chopped up and placed in isotonic buffer solution at 2°to 4°C
- buffered tissue in blender and blended
-This breaks up the cells and leases the organellesfrom the cells
-then filtered to remove complete cells

46
Q

Why does the solution have to be cold in homogenisation?

A

Reduces enzyme activity

47
Q

What are the two stages of cell fractionation?

A

Homogenisation and ultra-centrifugation

48
Q

Why is a solution of the same water potential as the tissue used in homogenisation?

A

Prevents organelles from bursting/ shrinking due to osmotic effects

49
Q

Why is the solution buffered in homogenisation?

A

Maintains a constant ph

50
Q

What is ultracentrifugation?

A

The heavy organelles will fall to the bottom first in the sediment leaving the clear supernatant which will be removed and re-spun for longer and faster

Cell Structure (pack 2) (5 decks)

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