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Biology Topic 2A+B > Eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • bounded by a double membrane which has numerous pores
  • chromosomes + nucleolus which makes ribosomes
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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • control centre of the cell (genetic info is stored in the nucleus)
  • genes are made of the nucleic acid DNA and genes form chromosomes (chromatin)
  • genes are indirectly responsible for the making of proteins.
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3
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A
  • made up of a bilayer of phospholipids
  • specialized proteins floating in the bilayer (for homeostasis)
  • bilayer is fluid so pores are created as the phospholipids swirl about so it selectively permeable to small molecules.
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4
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • cellular control - restricts what move in and out
  • has receptor molecules which responds to chemicals like hormones
  • creates compartments.
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5
Q

What is the structure of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a folded mass of membrane (made of the same phospholipids as the plasma membrane) enclosing a fluid filled space

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6
Q

What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough = ribosomes + flatter
Smooth + no ribosomes + tubular

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7
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

produce proteins and glycoproteins

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8
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • modify proteins
  • synthesise + store + transport lipids
  • synthesise + store + transport carbohydrates or other substances
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9
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • made of numerous proteins and RNA
  • each ribosome has 2 parts (heavy and light)
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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is the structure of the golgi complex?

A

stack of membranes with smaller vacuoles or vesicles on either side of the main structure

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12
Q

What is the function of the golgi complex?

A
  • modifies proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum and often adding non protein components
  • exports the proteins out of the cell as needed by enclosing them in vesicles
  • able to keep dangerous proteins from damaging the cell which made them by encasing them in lysosomes.
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13
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A
  • small vesicles in the cytoplasm filled with digestive enzymes
  • a membrane bound sac
  • they bud off from the golgi complex and fuse with food vacuoles
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14
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A
  • has lysozymes (digestive enzymes) to digest invading cells/ assist WBCs and break down and remove old worn out cell parts
  • lysozymes are kept seperate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane
  • involved in the digestion of food particles brought into the cell through in-foldings in the plasma membrane
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15
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A
  • typically form long/thin structure (short diffusion pathway)
  • double membrane ~ inner membrane is highly folded into disc like structure
  • each disc is a thylakoid and they forma stack (granum)
  • there are many grana in each chloroplast and grana are linked by lamellae
  • stroma = liquid that surrounds the thylakoid discs
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16
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A
  • the membranes give a large surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll and other molecules needed for the 1st stage of photosynthesis
  • the stroma contains all the enzymes needed to carry out the 2nd stage of photosynthesis
17
Q

What is the structure of a vacuole?

A
  • membrane (called tonoplast) bound sacs of fluid/ cell sap (weak solution of salts and sugar) in the cytoplasm
18
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

plants = permanent
- maintains turgor pressure in the cell by swelling with water which also pushes other organelles (particularly the chloroplasts) to the outer edges of the cell
- stops plant wilting
- involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals in the cell

19
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A
  • highly rigid layer found in plant cells is composed of long strands of cellulose and other carbohydrates
  • the microfibrils that forma a mesh around the cell are held in place by millions of hydrogen bonds
20
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • provide mechanical strength to prevent cell bursting due to osmosis
  • allow the free passage of water through the plant
21
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A
  • oval (sometimes branching) and have a double membrane
  • 2 compartments
    1= store hydrogen bonds which gives it electrical potential
    inner membrane = highly folded ~ rod like folds (Cristae)
22
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

aerobic respiration - convert the energy in the bonds of glucose and oxygen to readily available energy in the form of ATP

Biology Topic 2A+B (8 decks)

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