Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

Cells that have a distinct nucleus and contain membrane bound organelles

Question 2

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Answer 2

• Cell membrane
• Nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Lysosome
• 80s ribosome
• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Vacuole*
• Chloroplast*
• Cell wall*

Question 3

Plant and algal cell wall

Answer 3

Cellulose

Question 4

Fungal cell wall

Answer 4

Chitin

Question 5

Cell membrane function

Answer 5

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 6

Nucleus function

Answer 6

Controls the cell’s activities. The nuclear pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleolus makes ribosomes

Question 7

Mitochondrion function

Answer 7

Site of aerobic respiration which produces ATP

Question 8

Chloroplast function

Answer 8

Absorbs light for photosynthesis, producing sugars. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, and other parts happen in the stroma

Question 9

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 9

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes

Question 10

Golgi vesicle function

Answer 10

Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

Question 11

Lysosome function

Answer 11

Contains digestive enzymes (lysozymes) which hydrolyse invading cells or worn components of the cell

Question 12

Ribosome function

Answer 12

Site where proteins are made

Question 13

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) function

Answer 13

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

Question 14

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) function

Answer 14

Synthesises and processes lipids

Question 15

Cell wall function

Answer 15

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

Question 16

Vacuole function

Answer 16

Helps maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid, stopping plants wilting. Also involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell

Question 17

Epithelial cell adaptions

Answer 17

• Epithelial cells on the surface of the villi have folds in their cell-surface membranes (microvilli)
• Microvilli increase surface area to increase rate of diffusion
• Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the transport of digested food molecules into the cell

Question 18

Red blood cell adaptions

Answer 18

• No nucleus to make more room for haemoglobin (oxygen-carrying compound)
• Biconcave to increase SA

Question 19

Sperm cell adaptions

Answer 19

• Many mitochondria to provide the energy they need to propel themselves towards an egg
• Digestive enzymes in headpiece to digest egg cell membrane