Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
What are eukaryotic cells?
Cells that have a distinct nucleus and contain membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cell organelles
- Cell membrane
- Nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Lysosome
- 80s ribosome
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Vacuole*
- Chloroplast*
- Cell wall*
Plant and algal cell wall
Cellulose
Fungal cell wall
Chitin
Cell membrane function
Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
Nucleus function
Controls the cell’s activities. The nuclear pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleolus makes ribosomes
Mitochondrion function
Site of aerobic respiration which produces ATP
Chloroplast function
Absorbs light for photosynthesis, producing sugars. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, and other parts happen in the stroma
Golgi apparatus function
Processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes
Golgi vesicle function
Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell
Lysosome function
Contains digestive enzymes (lysozymes) which hydrolyse invading cells or worn components of the cell
Ribosome function
Site where proteins are made
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) function
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) function
Synthesises and processes lipids
Cell wall function
Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape
Vacuole function
Helps maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid, stopping plants wilting. Also involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell
Epithelial cell adaptions
- Epithelial cells on the surface of the villi have folds in their cell-surface membranes (microvilli)
- Microvilli increase surface area to increase rate of diffusion
- Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the transport of digested food molecules into the cell
Red blood cell adaptions
- No nucleus to make more room for haemoglobin (oxygen-carrying compound)
- Biconcave to increase SA
Sperm cell adaptions
- Many mitochondria to provide the energy they need to propel themselves towards an egg
- Digestive enzymes in headpiece to digest egg cell membrane
