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A Level Biology - Chaper 3 > Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cell theory, 3 points

A
  • the cell is the most basic unit of life
  • all living organisms are composed of one or more cell
  • all cells arise from pre-existing, living cells
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2
Q

differences between cells are due to the addition of extra features.What does this provide indirect evidence of?

A

evolution

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3
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

It’s selectively permeable and so it regulates what can enter and leave the cell

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4
Q

what does eukaryotic mean?

A

“• organisms whose cells contain a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles
• genetic material, or DNA, is contained within the nucleus and is organised in chromosomes

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5
Q

what are the three functions of the nucleus

A
  • controls cells activities through production of mRNA, tRNA and hense protein synthesis
  • holds genetic material of cells ( DNA, chromosomes)
  • manufactures rRNA and assembles ribosomes
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6
Q

describe the nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus.

The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

The two functions of the nuclear envelope

A
  • controls entry and exit of substances

* contains reactions inside the nucleus

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8
Q

what is the function of nuclear pores

A

allows passage of large molecules such as mRNA out of the nucleus

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9
Q

what is the nucleoplasm

A

granular jelly like material making up the bulk of the nucleus

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10
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

small spherical regions in the nucleus there may be more than one

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11
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

rRNA is manufactured and ribosomes assemble here

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12
Q

what does protein bound mean

A

The DNA is wound around proteins called histones

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13
Q

what does linear mean

A

in a line, not in a circle

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14
Q

what are ribosomes (3 points)

A
  • small granules found in all cells – either the cytoplasm or ER
  • made of two subunits each made up of rRNA and many proteins
  • i’m not enclosed in a membrane
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15
Q

function of the ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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16
Q

describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • 3D membrane like system throughout cytoplasm
  • continuous with outer nuclear membrane
  • membranes enclose a network of tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae
  • make and store carbohydrates, proteins and lipids have a very extensive ER
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17
Q

describe the rough ER

A

has ribosomes present on the outer surface of the membranes

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18
Q

functions of the rough ER (2)

A

large surface area for protein synthesis

Pathway for transport of materials, especially proteins throughout the cell

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19
Q

describe the smooth ER

A

no ribosomes and is often more tubular in appearance

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20
Q

functions of the smooth ER

A

synthesise, stores, transport lipids and carbohydrates

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21
Q

what type of cells will contain a lot of rough ER

A

muscle and intestinal epidermis

22
Q

how many cisternae will you find in one cell

A

one

23
Q

why does there sometimes appear to be more than one cisternae

A

A 2-D photograph doesn’t always show where the 3-D cisternae join up

24
Q

what is the golgi apparatus (4)

A

elaborate, 3-D sheet like membrane system
similar to SER but more compact
stack of membranes that make up flattened sacks or cisternae with small vehicles
well developed in secretory cells e.g. epithelial in the intestines

25
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do with carbohydrates and proteins

A

Form glycoproteins

26
Q

what type of enzyme does the Golgi apparatus package

A

secretory enzymes E.G.pancreas

27
Q

what does the The Golgi apparatus due to only carbohydrates

A

recreate them

28
Q

does the golgi apparatus form lysosomes

A

yes

29
Q

explain how the golgi apparatus transport, modifies, and stores lipids

A
  • modifies/processes triglyceride
  • Combined triglycerides of protein
  • Package for release/exocytosis
  • forms vesicles
30
Q

what is a Golgi vesicle and what is the function

A
  • small, Rounded hollow structures
  • transport substances to and from the Golgi apparatus
  • some of these are lysosomes
31
Q

Describe a lysosome (2)

A
  • vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus containing molecules such as proteases and lipases
  • also contain lysozymes – enzymes that can hydrolyse some bacterial cell walls
32
Q

what are the four functions of lysosomes

A
  • hydrolyse materials engulfed by phagocytotic cells
  • release enzymes to the outside of the cell to destroy materials around the cell (exocytosis)
  • digest worn out organelles so chemicals may be reused
  • complete breakdown of cells after they have died (autolysis)
33
Q

what is the mitochondria (4)

A
  • enclosed by a double membrane
  • inner membrane is folded to form cristae
  • cristae provide a large surface area for enzymes and other proteins involved in aerobic respiration
  • The matrix contains protein, lipids, ribosomes, and DNA
34
Q

The two functions of mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration

produce adenosine triphosphate

35
Q

why do mitochondria sometimes appear to be round

A

orientation when cut ( longitudinal/transverse)

36
Q

what is respiration

A

A release of energy from glucose

37
Q

which molecule is used for energy in cells

A

ATP – adenosine triphosphate

38
Q

which types of cells have many mitochondria ie lots of energy

A

muscle, epithelial cells in the intestine (lots of active transport)

39
Q

if cells do a lot of active transport why do they need mitochondria (3)

A
  • mitochondria is the site of respiration
  • respiration produces ATP
  • ATP is needed for active transport
40
Q

why can a person with mitochondrial disease only exercise for a short time (3)

A

mitochondria is the site of respiration
respiration produces ATP/releases energy
Energy/ATP is needed for muscle contraction

41
Q

if most of the mitochondria in a cell are fault, this prevent important enzyme catalysed reactions taking place or slows them down suggest and explain a reason why

A

mitochondria has a watery matrix which contains enzymes, if this is faulty the enzyme catalyse reaction slowdown

42
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast

A

The site of photosynthesis

43
Q

what is the chloroplast envelope

A

A double plasma membrane that is highly selective

44
Q

what is a thylakoids

A

disc-like membrane structures containing chlorophyll arranged in stacks called grana

45
Q

what is a stroma

A

fluid filled matrix containing amongst other things starch granules, DNA and ribosomes

46
Q

how are chloroplast adapted for their function (3)

A

Grana – large surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers and enzymes needed for first photosynthesis stage
Storma - contains enzymes for second stage of photosynthesis
DNA and ribosomes – quick synthesis of protein and photosynthesis

47
Q

Plant cells have chloroplasts. Can you name another type of organism that contains chloroplasts

A

algae

48
Q

describe a vacuole (4)

A
  • fluid filled sacks bound by a single membrane
  • plants usually have one central vacuole
  • The membrane of the vacuole is called the tonoplast
  • contains mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and sometimes pigments
49
Q

three functions of a vacuole

A
  • supports herbaceous (non-woody) plants by making cells turgid
  • sugars and amino acids may act as a temporary food store
  • pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects
50
Q

describe a cell wall (2)

A
  • made up of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides such as pectin
  • The middle Lamela is the boundary between cells and it cements cells together
51
Q

three functions of the cell wall

A
  • mechanical strength: prevents cells from bursting due to osmotic pressure
  • mechanical strength to the plant as a whole
  • allows water to move along it, contributing to water movement throughout the plant
52
Q

what are the two types of eukaryotic cells have cell walls

A

algae - cellulose and glycoproteins

fungi - chitin, glycogen and glycoproteins

A Level Biology - Chaper 3 (5 decks)

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