Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

March Biology Mock > Eukaryotic Cell Structure > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • No membrane bound nucleus or *organelles
  • Single celled
  • Simpler internal structure - single undivided area called cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

*How much of a prokaryote is inside the prokaryotic cytoplasm?

A

Everything inside the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the prokaryotic cytoplasm.

A

Internal fluid made up of cytosol and cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do all of the metabolic reactions in a prokaryote occur?

A

In the prokaryotic cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the cytosol composed of?

A

Water, ions and organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibres inside the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organisms are classed as eukaryotes?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, single-celled protoctista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define what a eukaryotic cell is.

A

A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

*How much of a eukaryote is inside the eukaryotic cytoplasm?

A

Everything between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define organelle.

What do organelles provide?

A

Membrane-bound compartments with varying functions inside eukaryotic cells

Organelles provide distinct conditions for different reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur within each cell of an organism that provide energy for vital processes and synthesis of new organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 2 processes does metabolism involve? Define each of them.

A
  1. Anabolism - Reactions of metabolism that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, which comes from the hydrolysis of ATP
  2. Catabolism - Reactions of metabolism that break molecules down into smaller units. These reactions release energy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 very basic characteristics of a plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeable
Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell and organelles
Fragile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Coded genetic information in the form of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

Direct protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

What is the function of this structure?

A
  1. Double membrane nuclear envelope

2. Protect the nucleus from damage in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the nuclear envelope contain?

What is the function of this structure?

A
  1. Nuclear pores

2. Allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus? How does DNA solve this issue?

A

DNA itself is too large to fit through the nuclear pores.

To get over this issue, DNA is transcribed into smaller RNA molecules, which can then leave through the pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are chromosomes formed?

A
  1. DNA associates with histones (proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin) to form chromatin (Uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones)
  2. Chromatin coils and condenses to form chromosomes (Structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the nucleolus?

A

Inside the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Produce ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the nucleolus composed of?

A

Proteins and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of RNA in the nucleolus?

A

RNA is used to produce ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is then combined with proteins to form ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria.

A
  • Double membrane

* Inner membrane = highly folded to form cristae

26
Q

Define cristae

A

Fold of inner mitochondrial membrane.

Increases SA for electron transfer chain to occur.

27
Q

What is the function of cristae membranes in terms of what they contain?

A

Contain enzymes used in aerobic respiration

28
Q

Can mitochondria produce their own enzymes?

A

Yes

29
Q

Can mitochondria reproduce themselves?

A

Yes

30
Q

Do mitochondria contain DNA? Where is it located?

A

Yes - mtDNA - present in the matrix

31
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Membranous sacs with storage and transport roles

32
Q

Describe the structure of vesicles

A

Single membrane with fluid inside

33
Q

What are lysosomes? What do they contain?

A

Specialised vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes

34
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • Break down waste material in cells
  • Break down pathogens ingested by phagocytes
  • Apoptosis - programmed cell death
35
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibres present throughout the cytoplasm

36
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Maintains the shape and stability of cells
  • Holds organelles in place
  • Controls cell movement
  • Controls movement of cells within organelles
37
Q

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate fibres
38
Q

Describe the structure of microfilaments.

A

Contractile fibres formed from actin

39
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A
  • Cell movement

* Cell contraction during cytokinesis (where a eukaryotic cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells)

40
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A
  • Determine cell shape

* Act as tracks for movement of organelles e.g. vesicles

41
Q

What do microtubules form?

A

Spindle fibres

42
Q

What is the function of intermediate fibres?

A
  • Maintain mechanical strength of cell

* Maintain cell integrity

43
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Components of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes, (apart from flowering plants and most fungi) composed of microtubules

44
Q

What do 2 centrioles form?

A

Centrosome

45
Q

Where are flagella and cilia found?

A

Extending from some cell types

46
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A
  • Cell motility

* Sensory organelles

47
Q

What are the 2 types of cilia?

A

Mobile and stationary

48
Q

What part of the body do sensory cilia have a role in?

A

Sensory organs e.g. nose

49
Q

What is the function of mobile cilia?

A

Beat in a rhythmic manner, creating a current which causes adjacent fluid and objects to move

50
Q

Give 2 anatomical examples and functions of cilia.

A

Present in trachea - move mucus away from lungs

Present in fallopian tubes - move egg cells from ovary to uterus

51
Q

Describe the structure of 1 cilium.

A

2 central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules arranged in a wheel, known as the 9+2 arrangement

52
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae

53
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum connected to?

A

Outer membrane of the nucleus

54
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum have a role in?

A

Synthesis and storage of lipids and carbohydrates

55
Q

What’s the structural difference between the SER and RER?

A

RER has ribosomes bound to the surface

56
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum have a role in?

A

Synthesis and transport of proteins

57
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

Free floating in cytoplasm or attached to RER.

Also found in mitochondria, chloroplasts and prokaryotes.

58
Q

Do ribosomes have a membrane?

A

No

59
Q

What are ribosomes made up of? Where does this originally come from?

A

RNA - made in nucleolus

60
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.

A

Formed from an interconnected network of cisternae/flattened membranous sacs

61
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modification and packaging of proteins

62
Q

State the process of protein synthesis.

*Spec says it’s not needed

A
  1. Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes bound to EP

2.

March Biology Mock (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions