Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

Question 1

Describe the cell surface membrane

Answer 1

Found on the inside of cell walls
Found on the surface of animal cells
Mainly made of lipids and proteins

Question 2

Describe the function of the cell surface membrane

Answer 2

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Has receptor molecules on the surface, to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 3

Describe the nucleus

Answer 3

Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope ( double membrane ) which contains many pores
It contains chromosomes and a nucleolus

Question 4

Describe the function of the nucleus

Answer 4

Controls cells activities by controlling the transcription of DNA
DNA contains instructions to make proteins
Pores allow substances ( e.g RNA ) to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The nucleolus makes ribosomes

Question 5

Describe the mitochondrion

Answer 5

Oval shaped
Double membrane - the inner one is folded to form cristae
Inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration

Question 6

Outline the function of mitochondrion

Answer 6

Site of aerobic respiration - this produces ATP
They are found in large numbers in the cell and are very active - requiring lots of energy

Question 7

Describe the chloroplast

Answer 7

Small flattened stucture found in plant and algal cells
Surrounded by a double membrane
Also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes
These are stacked up in some parts to form grana

Question 8

What is the function of chloroplast

Answer 8

Site of photosynthesis
Some parts of photosynthesis happen in grana
Other parts happen in stoma

Question 9

Describe the golgi apparatus

Answer 9

A group of fluid filled, membrane bound flattened sacs
Vesicles are often seen at the edges of sacs

Question 10

Outline the function of golgi appartus

Answer 10

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins
It also makes lysosomes

Question 11

Describe the golgi vesicle

Answer 11

Small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm
Surrounded by a membrane and produced by golgi apparatus

Question 12

Outline the function of the golgi vesicle

Answer 12

Stores proteins and lipids made by golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

Question 13

Describe the lysosome

Answer 13

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure

Question 14

Outline the function of the lysosome

Answer 14

Contains hydrolytic enzymes, which are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane
Can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell

Question 15

Describe the ribosome

Answer 15

Very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm, or is attached to reticulum
Made up of proteins and RNA
Not surrounded by a membrane

Question 16

Outline the function of the ribosome

Answer 16

The site where proteins are made

Question 17

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 17

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
Surface covered with ribosomes

Question 18

Outline the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

Folds and processes the proteins that have been made at the ribosome

Question 19

Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

Same as rough but with no ribosomes

Question 20

Outline the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

Synthesises and processes lipids

Question 21

Describe the cell wall

Answer 21

A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi
In plants and algae - made of mainly cellulose
In fungi - made of chitin

Question 22

Outline the function of the cell wall

Answer 22

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

Question 23

Describe the cell vacuole

Answer 23

A membrane bound organelle found in the cytoplasm
Contains cell sap ( salt and sugar solution )
Surrounding membrane is called tonoplast

Question 24

Outline the function of vacuole

Answer 24

Helps maintain pressure inside the cell and keep it rigid
Stops the plant from wilting
Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals in the cell

Question 25

What is a prokaryotic cell

Answer 25

Single celled organism containing no membrane bound organelles

Question 26

Outline the role of a capsule

Answer 26

Made of stretched slime and it helps protect bacteria from attack by cells of the immune system

Question 27

Outline the role of plasmid

Answer 27

Small loops of DNA containing the genes for things like antibiotic resistance, and be passed between prokaryotes

Question 28

Outline role of flagellum

Answer 28

Long hair like structure that rotates too make the cell move

Question 29

What is circular DNA

Answer 29

one long coiled - up strand and is not attached to any histone proteins