Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

Question 1

Name the two fundamental types of cell.

Answer 1

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Question 2

Define a Eukaryotic cell

Answer 2

(Sometimes) Forms part of a multicellular organism with membrane bound organelles and a complex internal structure.

Question 3

Define a Prokaryotic cell

Answer 3

No membrane bound organelles, unicellular and a simple internal structure.

Question 4

Define metabolism in biological terms.

Answer 4

The total chemical reactions of the cell occuring in the cytoplasm.

Question 5

Describe the function of the membrane.

Answer 5

Selectively permeable so controls the movement of substances both in and out of the cells, seperates different environments and conditions.

Question 6

Describe the difference between the nucleus and the nucleolus.

Answer 6

The nucleus is enveloped in a double nucleur membrane, and contains genetic information in the form of DNA and directs protein synthesis. The nucleolus is a region within the nucleus composed of proteins and RNA, also involved in protein synthesis.

Question 7

Which component of the cytoskeleton is: composed of actin, responsible for cell movement and cell contraction?

Answer 7

Microfilaments

Question 8

Which component of the cytoskeleton is: made of polymerised tubulin proteins, determine the shape of the cell, and act as tracks for organelle movement?

Answer 8

Microtubules

Question 9

Which component of the cytoskeleton: Gives mechanical strength and maintains

Answer 9

Intermediate fibres

Question 10

Name the organelles of protein synthesis.

Answer 10

1. Ribosomes (either free or attatched to RER)- the site of protein synthesis.
2. Golgi Apparatus- responsible for modifying the structure of proteins and “packing“ them into vesicles.
   (3. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- used to synthesise and transport proteins)

Question 11

What is the difference between vesicles and lysosomes?

Answer 11

Vesicles are membranous sacs used to transport materials, and whereas lysosomes are similar in function contain hydrolyctic enzymes that break down waste matter.

Question 12

What is the purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 12

Responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage.

Question 13

What are plant cell walls composed of?

Answer 13

Cellulose, giving it structure and acting as a defense mechanism

Question 14

Name 2 unique plant cell organelles.

Answer 14

1. Vacuole- membraneous sac containing cell sap, maintain turgor
2. Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis, filled with light absorbing pigments like chlorophyll A

Question 15

What is the name of the membrane of a vacuole?

Answer 15

Tonoplast

Question 16

Prokaryotic cells can also be known as… ?

Answer 16

Extremophiles- capable of living in extreme conditions

Question 17

What domain do prokaryotic cells generally belong to?

Answer 17

Archaea

Question 18

What size ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have?

Answer 18

80s

Question 19

What size ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 19

70s

Question 20

What is the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell composed of?

Answer 20

Peptidoglycan- formed of amino acids and sugars

Question 21

Describe the theory of endosymbiosis.

Answer 21

The theory that some eukaryotic organelles were originally free living prokaryotes that were taken in, leading to the evolution of eukaryotic cells.

Question 22

Give some key points about prokaryotic DNA.

Answer 22

Only one molecule of DNA in a circular loop, which is supercoiled to make it compact.

Question 23

What are prokaryotic genes called?

Answer 23

Operons, which are switched on and off at the same time.

Question 24

Give some points about eukaryotic DNA

Answer 24

Exists as multiple supercoiled chromosones, wrapping around histone proteins, forming a complex called chromatin.