Eukaryotes Vs Prokaryotes

Question 1

smallest unit of life

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

The cell is the smallest unit of life, so all cells, whether they are unicellular organisms or just a tiny part of a multicellular organism, have certain characteristics in common:

Answer 2

1. they must contain genetic information and the mechanisms to regulate and use that information to produce its own parts
2. to reproduce new cells, they must be able to use energy in chemical reactions and physical actions
3. they must be able to regulate those activities, and they must respond to stimuli.

Question 3

Why virus is not a living organism

Answer 3

Although viruses have the instructions (genetic material), they do not have the necessary tools (enzymes) to read these instructions and carry out the processes required to create new viruses. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions, and viruses lack the machinery to produce or use these enzymes by themselves.
- To build new viruses, raw molecular materials like amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids are needed. Viruses cannot gather or synthesize these materials on their own. They do not have the cellular machinery (like ribosomes or metabolic pathways) to produce the components needed for replication

Question 4

2 basic types of cell

Answer 4

1. Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryotes

Question 5

Main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 5

Eukaryotic cells contain intracellular membrane-bound compartments (called organelles). Prokaryotic cells do not contain any such compartments.

Question 6

There is only one membrane in prokaryotes, the _______ _____, and only one compartment in prokaryotic cells, the _____. That does not preclude a certain level of organization in prokaryotes, but it is not as complex as eukaryotes

Answer 6

cell membrane
cytoplasm

Question 7

Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound ___. Instead, their genetic material (DNA) is located in a region called the ___, which is not enclosed by a membrane

Answer 7

Nucleus
Nucleoid

Question 8

The DNA of prokaryotes is usually a ___ __ chromosome. Some prokaryotes also have small, circular pieces of DNA called ___, which can carry additional genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance

Answer 8

Single circular
Plasmid

Question 9

The prokaryotic cell is surrounded by a ____ ___ that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Answer 9

Cell membrane (or plasma membrane)

Question 10

Most prokaryotes have a rigid ___ __outside the cell membrane, providing structural support and shape. In bacteria, the cell wall is typically made of ____.

Answer 10

Cell wall
peptidoglycan

Question 11

Most prokaryotes have a rigid ___ __outside the cell membrane, providing structural support and shape. In bacteria, the cell wall is typically made of ____.

Answer 11

Cell wall
peptidoglycan

Question 12

The ____ is the jelly-like substance inside the cell where all the cellular processes take place. It contains ____, ____, and other molecules necessary for the cell’s functions

Answer 12

Cytoplasm
ribosomes, enzymes

Question 13

Prokaryotic cells contain ____, which are responsible for protein synthesis. The ribosomes in prokaryotes are ___ (__S) compared to those in eukaryotic cells (__S).

Answer 13

Ribosomes
Smaller (70S)
Eukaryotes - 80S

Question 14

Some prokaryotes have ___, which are long, whip-like structures that allow the cell to move.

Answer 14

Flagella

Question 15

___ are hair-like structures on the cell surface that can help in attachment to surfaces or in conjugation (a process of DNA transfer between bacteria).

Answer 15

Pili

Question 16

Some bacteria have an outer layer called a __, which can protect the cell from the host’s immune system and help in adherence to surfaces

Answer 16

Capsule

Question 17

Key features of prokaryotic cell

Answer 17

1. No nucleus
2. single circular chromosome
3. Cell membrane
4. Cell wall
5. Cytoplasm
6. Ribosomes
7. Flagella and Pili
8. Capsule

Question 18

The most distinctive feature of a eukaryotic cell is its ___, which is enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) organized into chromosomes. The nucleus acts as the control center of the cell, regulating gene expression and cell division.

Answer 18

Nucleus

Question 19

The eukaryotic cell is surrounded by a ___ ___ that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It is made up of a ___ ___ with embedded proteins.

Answer 19

Cell membrane
lipid bilayer

Question 20

The ___ is the fluid-filled space inside the cell membrane, where most of the cell’s metabolic processes occur. It contains the organelles, suspended in a gel-like substance called the cytosol.

Answer 20

Cytoplasm

Question 21

Eukaryotic cells have various membrane-bound organelles:

Answer 21

Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Chloroplast
Vacuole

Question 22

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

Answer 22

Mitochondria

Question 23

with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis

Answer 23

Rough ER

Question 24

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes

Answer 24

Smooth ER

Question 25

This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or to the cell surface.

Answer 25

Golgi apparatus

Question 26

Contains digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances.

Answer 26

Lysosome

Question 27

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

Answer 27

Peroxisome

Question 28

Found in plant cells and some protists, these organelles carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

Answer 28

Chloroplast

Question 29

Large storage sacs, particularly prominent in plant cells, that store water, nutrients, and waste products.

Answer 29

Vacuoles

Question 30

a network of protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) that provides structural support, helps maintain the cell’s shape, and facilitates movement of organelles and vesicles within the cell.

Answer 30

Cytoskeleton

Question 31

a network of protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) that provides structural support, helps maintain the cell’s shape, and facilitates movement of organelles and vesicles within the cell.

Answer 31

Cytoskeleton

Question 32

thicken the cortex around the inner edge of a cell; like rubber bands, they resist tension

Answer 32

Microfilaments

Question 33

are found in the interior of the cell where they maintain cell shape by resisting compressive forces.

Answer 33

Microtubules

Question 34

___ ___ are found throughout the cell and hold organelles in place.

Answer 34

Intermediate filaments

Question 35

In plant cells, fungi, and some protists, a rigid ____ surrounds the cell membrane, providing additional support and protection. This primarily made of ___.

Answer 35

Cell wall
cellulose

Question 36

Eukaryotic cells have ribosomes, which are the sites of ____ ____. They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.

Answer 36

protein synthesis

Question 37

Some eukaryotic cells have ___ or ___, which are hair-like structures that enable movement or help move substances along the surface of the cell. They are more complex than those in prokaryotes.

Answer 37

Cilia
Flagella

Question 38

Key Features of Eukaryotic Cells:

Answer 38

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles (Mitochondria, Lysosome, Golgi apparatus, Peroxisome, ER, Chloroplast, Vacuoles)
Cytoskeleton
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Cili and flagella

Question 39

Key Features of Eukaryotic Cells:

Answer 39

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles (Mitochondria, Lysosome, Golgi apparatus, Peroxisome, ER, Chloroplast, Vacuoles)
Cytoskeleton
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Cili and flagella