Eukaryotes

Question 1

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

6 points

Answer 1

1. Membrane bound organelles vs Protein shelled ‘organelles’ in some
2. Histones in nucleus vs simple nucleoid
3. Complex flagella and cillia vs simple flagella
4. Complex chromoosome no plasmids vs. simple circular/linear chromosome and plasmids
5. complete cytoexoskeleton vs simple cytoexoskeleton
6. streaming in cytosol vs no streaming in cytosol

Question 2

Protists

Answer 2

1. neither animal, plant or fungus

Question 3

protists group [7 protist groups all together]

Excavata (Protist pathogens)

characteristics

Answer 3

1. Unicellular, Multi-flagellate, Modified mitochondria

Question 4

Compare the different groups of ‘plant’ microbes
Red Algae vs Green algae
6 points

Answer 4

1. Marine habitat vs freshwater species
2. Double cell wall - agrose, cellulose vs nil
3. Mostly multicellular seaweeds vs mostly unicellular
4. non-stacked thylakoids vs stacked thylakoids
5. Chlorophyll a and d vs chlorophyll a and b
6. non motile sperm vs paired flagella if present

Question 5

Plants vs fungi

Answer 5

1. autotrophic - chloroplasts vs heterotrophic
2. Cellulose cell wall vs chitin cell wall
3. seeds vs spores
   4 uninuclear vs often binuclear
4. roots vs mycelium

Question 6

Fungal morphology KEY TO LEARN

Answer 6

see desktop

Question 7

Ascomycota

Answer 7

largest phylum of fungi

Question 8

Asomycota

Answer 8

1. Hyphal growth

Question 9

Yeasts

Answer 9

Budding yeast

Fission yeast

Question 10

Evolution of Eukaryotes

Answer 10

Endosymbiont theory
1. infoldings in plasma membrane of ancestral prokaryote = endomembrane compartments (nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum)

2. ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria = evolved into mitochondria
3. consumed photosynthetic bacteria = evolved into chloroplasts

Question 11

3 Microbial eukaryotes

Answer 11

1. Protists
2. Fungi
3. Plants

Question 12

Ecavata: T. brucei morphology

Answer 12

1. Kinetoplast [a mass of mitochondrial DNA lying close to the nucleus in some flagellate protozoa]
2. nucleus
3. flagellum

Question 13

protists group [7 protist groups all together]

SAR and Hacrobia

characteristics

Answer 13

1. Silica/carbonate shelled unicellular eukaryotes

Question 14

Fungal growth

Answer 14

Hyphal growth

Question 15

Example of Ascomycota

Answer 15

Penicillium notatum

Question 16

Asomycete life cycle

Answer 16

Asexual : budding

sexual

Question 17

Yeast reproduction

Answer 17

sexual
asexual (most common)
Saccharomyces cerevesiae
Budding yeast

Schizoaccharomyces pombe
Fission yeast

Question 18

Cordyceps

Answer 18

1. genus of ascomycete fungi

2. most parasitic

Question 19

Basidiomycota

6 points

Answer 19

1. Mushrooms, rusts, shelf fungi, puffballs, toadstools
2. Saprotrophs – decompose cellulose and lignin
3. Septate hyphae
4. Sexual reproduction > Basidium (club shaped)
5. Often large fruiting body called basidiocarp
6. Can release millions of spores

Question 20

Glomerulomycota

Answer 20

1. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
2. No sexual reproduction
3. Obligate symbionts

Sugars to fungi

‘P’ to plants
Selective uptake of NH4+ - lowers soil pH to mobilise PO42-

Question 21

Zygomycota

5 points example

Answer 21

1. Mostly saprotrophic – found in soil/on food
2. Hyphae are aseptate
3. Asexual spores develop into pin-head like sporangia at hyphal tips
4. Spores dispersed by wind
5. Sexual reproduction leads to tough zygospores

Notable species: bread mould: eg. Rhizopus stolonifer, Pilobolus

Question 22

Chytridiomycota lifecycle

Answer 22

1. asexual

2. live in skin of frogs and kill them

Question 23

Oomycetes

Answer 23

1. Are not fungi!
2. Morphologically and phylogenetically distinct!
3. Major plant pathogens

Question 24

Natural products and secondary metabolites

Answer 24

1. Psilocybin - sits in brain causes hallucination
2. penicillin - antibiotic
3. alfatoxin - majority of liver posioning, wheat rice

Question 25

Antifungal drugs

Answer 25

1. Griseofulvin 
Produced by a Penicillium
Used to treat ringworm
Nasty side-effects
Mitosis inhibitor – binds tubulin