eukaryotes

Question 1

plant cell

Answer 1

cell wall, chloroplasts, cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus

Question 2

animal cell

Answer 2

cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, vesicles

vesicles (organelles, cisterns, vacuoles)

Question 3

chloroplasts

Answer 3

evolved from cyanobacteria (photosynthesis!)

‘photosynthesis 1.0’
anoxygenic photosynthesis
how it worked ~4 bill years ago
(CO2 + H2S –> carbo + S)
CO2 - source of carbon
H2S - source of electron
carbo - food
S - byproduct
–> - energy stored from light in chemical bonds

‘photosynthesis 2.0’
- evolved from cyanobacteria
(CO2 + H2O –> carbo + O2)
CO2 - source of carbon
H2O - source of electron
carbo - food
O2 - new byproduct
–> - energy stored from lightin chemical bonds

combustion/ respiration = the reverse of photosynthesis
(carbo + O2 –> CO2 + H2O)

the breakdown of nutrients with/without oxygen
(measured as number of ATP per molecule broken down)
sugar - with oxygen 38 // without oxygen 2
fat - with oxygen 200 // without oxygen – (cannot breakdown at all)

Question 4

mitochondria

Answer 4

evolved from alpha-proteobacteria (respiration!)
- survive by evolving respiration

1. O2 in the water
2. Cyanobacteria invented oxygenic photosynthesis (photosynthesis 2.0)
3. oxygen released into the environment
4. most organisms die out in ‘oxygen holocaust’

Advantages
- oxygen is detoxified, neutralised
- maximum energy extracted from nutrients

Question 5

cell membrane

Answer 5

evolved from the asgard archaea (‘movable membrane’)

1. movable membrane allows asgard archaea to interact with symbiotic partner at the border of O2 free environment
2. 1 asgard archaea engulfed a breathing bacterium (alpha-proteobacterium) and became an eukaryote