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micropara midterms > eukaryotes > Flashcards

eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

First eukaryotic cells appeared on earth ______ years ago

A

4 billion

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2
Q

Bacteria and eukaryotes evolved from a precursor called the

A

Last Common Ancestor (LCA)

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3
Q

o Neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic
o Give rise to bacter

A

Last Common Ancestor (LCA)

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4
Q

▪ From primitive cells
▪ Trapped in eukaryotic cells

A

Organelles

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5
Q

is NOT PATHOGENIC. However, once it enters a host that has weak immune system, it becomes an OPPORTUNISTIC microorganism.

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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6
Q

Origin of organelles, such as the mitochondrion and chloroplast, are said to be due to bacterial / archaeal cell parasitizing a descendant of the
LCA

A

endosymbiosis

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7
Q

The act of protists engulfing each other which results to prokaryotic cells

A

endosymbiosis

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8
Q

Proteins cannot be created without RNA

A

endosymbiosis

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9
Q

mitochondria and
chloroplasts have:

A

o Circular DNA
o 70S ribosomes
o Two-layer membranes

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10
Q

• Can only be passed from the mother
- Happens as the egg cell contains 23 chromosomes

A

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

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11
Q

o Found in prokaryotes
o Are present in the matrix of
mitochondria and chloroplast

A

70S ribosomes

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12
Q

o Found in eukaryotes

A

80S ribosomes

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13
Q

• Single-celled
• Independent

A

Firs primitive eukaryotes

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14
Q

• Evolved when cells lost the ability to survive apart from the colony

A

Multicellular organisms

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15
Q

Has high levels of organization

A

multicellular organisms

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16
Q

o Group of cells that perform specific
functions

A

Tissues

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17
Q

o Group of tissues

A

Organs

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18
Q

If a person gets infected with ______, it stays on its host forever and will remain in its cystic stage.

A

amebiasis

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19
Q

Cause of amebiasis

A

shellfish and water

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20
Q

Eukaryotic organism that is always unicellular

A

protozoa

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21
Q

Eukaryotic organism that may be unicellular / multicellular

A

fungi and algae

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22
Q

Eukaryotic organism that is always multicellular

A

helminths (have unicellular egg or larval forms)

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23
Q

FOUND IN ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS (8)

A

• Cytoplasmic (cell)
membrane
o A must for
prokaryotes
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Vacuoles
• Cytoskeleton
• Glycocalyx

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24
Q

FOUND IN CELLS OF SOME EUKARYOTES

A

• Cell wall
• Locomotor
appendages
• Chloroplasts
(plants)

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25
Q

10x thicker than eukaryote

A

bacterial flagella

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26
Q

Structurally more complex than eukaryotic flagella

A

bacterial flagella

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27
Q

Covered by an extension of the cell membrane

A

bacterial flagella

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28
Q

Long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow microtubule

A

eukaryotic flagella

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29
Q

•Approximately 3 to 4 million species of _____ can be divided into two groups

A

fungi

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30
Q

: mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi

A

Macroscopic fungi

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31
Q

: molds and yeasts

A

Microscopic fungi

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32
Q

Round to oval shape
• Uses asexual reproduction

A

yeast cell

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33
Q

Long, threadlike cells found in filamentous fungi or molds
• Pseudohypha: chain of yeast

A

hyphae

34
Q

: chain of yeast

A

Pseudohypha

35
Q

• Some fungi can take either form dependent on growth conditions

A

dimorphic

36
Q

• Used in winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times
• Isolated from skin of grapes

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

37
Q

• Acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates
• All fungi are _____

A

Heterotrophic

38
Q

• Obtain substrates from dead plants and animals

A

Saprobes

39
Q

• Live on the bodies of living animals or plants

A

Parasites

40
Q

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

A

mycelium

41
Q

: cross walls dividing hyphae into segments

A

Septa

42
Q

: fungal reproductive bodies

A

Spores

43
Q

have many complex and successful reproductive strategies

A

fungi

44
Q

are responsible not only for multiplication, but also for survival, producing genetic variation and dissemination

A

Fungal spores

45
Q

separated piece of mycelium can generate a whole new colony

A

fragmentation

46
Q

Primary reproductive mode:

A

spore formation

47
Q

• Formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium

A

Sporangiospores

48
Q

• Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

A

Conidiospores or Conidia

49
Q

Important variations occur when fungi of different genetic makeup combine their genetic material
• Slight variations in the form and function are potentially advantageous to the adaptation and survival of the species

A

sexual spore

50
Q

caused by environmental pathogens

A

Community-acquired infections

51
Q

caused by fungal pathogens in clinical settings

A

•Hospital-associated infections

52
Q

caused by pathogens infecting already weakened individuals like transplant, cancer, and HIV-positive patients

A

Opportunistic infections

53
Q

•Fungi are involved in other medical conditions besides infections.
• Allergies
• Neurological conditions due to toxin production

t or f

A

true

54
Q

penicillin

A

alexander fleming

55
Q

•Algae and protozoa have been traditionally combined into the

A

Kingdom Protista

56
Q

Two major taxonomic categories:

A

• Subkingdom Algae
• Subkingdom Protozoa

57
Q

: any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues

A

•Protist

58
Q

•Group of photosynthetic organisms by their large members such as seaweed and kelp

A

algae

59
Q

Widespread inhabitants of fresh and marine water

A

algae

60
Q

• Floating community of microscopic organisms
• Essential role in the aquatic food web
• Produce about 70% of the earth’s oxygen
•Primary medical threat from algae is through ingestion of toxins during a red tide (Paralytic shellfish Poisoning)

A

plankton

61
Q

The protozoa include about 65,000 species
• Predominant habitats for protozoa are fresh and marine water, soil, plants, and animals
• While most members are harmless, a few species are parasites responsible for hundreds of millions of infections in humans per year

A

protozoa

62
Q

• Scavenge dead plant or animal debris
• Graze on live cells of bacteria and algae

A

Free-living species:

63
Q

• Live on fluids of the host such as plasma and digestive juices
• May actively feed on tissues

A

Parasitic species:

64
Q

• Amoeboid motion
• Serve as feeding structures

A

Pseudopods (“false feet”):

65
Q

• Vary in number from one to several

A

Flagella

66
Q

• Distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic patterns

A

•Cilia

67
Q

• Motile feeding stage
• Requires ample food and moisture to remain active

A

Trophozoite

68
Q

• Dormant, resting stage
• Formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding
• Important factor in the spread of disease

A

Cyst

69
Q

form of genetic exchange between two cells

A

Conjugation

70
Q

: study of protozoa and helminths

A

Parasitology

71
Q

: term most often used to denote protozoan and helminth pathogens

A

Parasite

72
Q

: sleeping sickness in Africa

A

Trypanosoma brucei

73
Q

: Chagas disease; endemic to South and Central America

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

74
Q

: thin, often segmented body plan

A

Flatworms

75
Q

• Divided into cestodes
(tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes)

A

flatworms

76
Q

: long, cylindrical, unsegmented body

A

Roundworms (also called nematodes)

77
Q

host in which adulthood and mating
occur

A

Definitive (final) host

78
Q

: sexes have different morphologies

A

Nematodes

79
Q

: sexes are separate or male and female sex organs in the same worm (hermaphroditic)

A

Trematodes

80
Q

affects almost 240 million people worldwide, and more than 700 million people live in endemic areas. The infection is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical areas, in poor communities without potable water and adequate sanitation.

A

Schistosomiasis

81
Q

• Causes a very common infestation of the large intestine
• Worms range from 2 to 12 mm long
• Tapered, curved cylinder shape
• Simple, uncomplicated infection that does not spread beyond the intestine

A

Enterobius vermicularis

micropara midterms (2 decks)

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