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micropara midterms > basta > Flashcards

basta Flashcards

1
Q

• A condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply

A

infection

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2
Q

Cumulative effects of infection damage
• Disruption of tissues and organs
• Results in disease

A

pathologic state

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3
Q

Any deviation from health

A

disease

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4
Q

Factors that cause disease (3)

A

— Infections
- Genetics
- Aging
- Malfunctions of systems or organs

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5
Q

Disruption of tissues or organs caused by microbes or their products

A

infectious disease

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6
Q

Large and diverse collection of microbes living on and in the body

Also known as resident or indigenous biota or normal flora

A

normal biota

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7
Q

We have a lot of microbes in places we used to think were sterile
• All healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens, but in low numbers

A

The Human Microbiome Project

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8
Q

Human cells contain how many protein encoding genes;

A

21,000

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9
Q

microbes that inhabit humans contain

A

8 million

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10
Q

Differences in the gut microbiome have preliminarily been associated with differences in the risk for:

A
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Obesity
  • Heart disease
    — Asthma
  • Autism
  • Diabetes
  • moods
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11
Q

Sites Definitively Known to Harbor Normal Microbiota

A

Skin and adjacent mucous membranes
• Upper respiratory tract
• Gastrointestinal tract, including mouth
• Outer portion of urethra

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12
Q

Influence the development of organs
• Prevent the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms

A

benefits of normal biota

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13
Q

• The general antagonistic effect “good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms
• Microbes in a steady, established relationship are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes

A

microbial antagonism

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14
Q

Factors That Weaken Host Defenses and Increase Susceptibility to
Infection

A

• Age: the very young and the very old
Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity
(AIDS)
• Pregnancy

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15
Q

Caused by biota already in the body
• Can occur when normal biota is introduced to a site that was previously sterile

A

endogenous infections

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16
Q

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic
• Results in infection and disease

A

pathogen

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17
Q

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune systems

A

true pathogens

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18
Q
  • The host’s defenses are compromised
  • When they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them
A

opportunistic pathogens

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19
Q

A system of biosafety categories adopted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Based on the general degree of pathogenicity and the relative danger in handling these pathogens

A

biosafety levels

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20
Q

Degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence

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21
Q

• Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to toxin production or induction of an injurious host response

A

virulence factor

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22
Q

: a minimum number of microbes required for an infection to proceed

A

Infectious dose (ID)

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23
Q

Microbes with a smaller infectious dose have greater virulence

t or f

A

true

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24
Q

A characteristic route taken by a microbe to initiate infection
• Usually through skin or mucous membranes

A

portal of entry

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25
Q

Source of the infectious agent:

originating from outside the body
- The environment, another person, or animal

A

exogenous

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26
Q

Source of the infectious agent:

already existing on or in the body
- Normal biota or a previously silent infection

A

endogenous

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27
Q

Sites of entry:

A

• Nicks
• Abrasions
• Punctures, some tiny and inapparent

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28
Q

• Intact skin is a very tough barrier that few microbes can penetrate

t or f

A

true

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29
Q

• Some infectious agents create their own passageways into the skin using digestive enzymes

t or f

A

true

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30
Q

• Entry through food, drink, or other ingested substances
• Adapted to survive digestive enzymes and abrupt pH changes

A

The Gastrointestinal Tract as Portal

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31
Q

Gateways to the respiratory tract:

A

• Oral cavity
• Nasal cavity

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32
Q

• Pathogens transmitted by sexual means
• Account for 4% of infections worldwide
• 13 million new cases in the United States each year

A

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs):

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33
Q

Entry points through the skin or mucosa of:

A

• Penis
• External genitalia
• Vagina
• Cervix
Urethra

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34
Q

• Formed by maternal and fetal tissues
• Separates the blood of the developing fetus from that of the mother

A

The placenta is an exchange organ:

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35
Q

Common infections of the fetus and neonate:

A

• Toxoplasmosis
• Other diseases: syphilis, coxsackievirus, varicella-zoster virus,
AIDS, chlamydia
• Rubella
• Cytomegalovirus
• Herpes simplex virus

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36
Q

A process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues
• Dependent on binding between specific molecules on both the host and pathogen
• A particular pathogen is limited to only those cells and organisms to which it can bind
• Once attached, a pathogen can invade body compartments

A

adhesion

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37
Q

Chemical communication between nearby bacteria critical to establishment of infection

A

quorum sensing

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38
Q

White blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals

A

phagocytes

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39
Q

• Virulence factor used by pathogens to avoid phagocytes
• Circumvent some part of the phagocytic process

A

antiphagocytic factors

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40
Q

Structures, products, or capabilities that allow a pathogen to cause infection in the host
• Adaptations that a microbe uses to invade and establish itself in a host
• Determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs

A

virulence factors

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41
Q

Secreted by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms
• Break down and inflict damage on tissues
• Dissolve host’s defense barriers and promote the spread of microbes into deeper tissues

A

exoenzymes

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42
Q

A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms

A

toxin

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43
Q

• Secreted by a living bacterial cell to the infected tissues

A

exotoxin

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44
Q

• Not actively secreted
• Shed from the outer membrane
• Only found in gram-negative bacteria

A

endotoxin

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45
Q

is a trait not solely determined by microorganisms
is a consequence of an interplay between microbe and host

A

pathogenecity

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46
Q

Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue:
• Boils
• Fungal skin infections
• Warts

A

localized infection

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47
Q

When an infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream

A

systemic infection

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48
Q

measles, rubella, chickenpox, AIDS

A

viral

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49
Q

brucellosis, anthrax, typhoid fever, syphilis

A

bacterial

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50
Q

Exists when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues

A

focal infection

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51
Q

infection remains localized, toxins are carried through the blood to the target tissue

A

toxemia

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52
Q

Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

A

mixed infection

53
Q

gas gangrene, wound infections, dental caries, human bite infections

A

Polymicrobial diseases:

54
Q

Initial infection

A

primary infection

55
Q

• Occurs when a primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe

A

secondary infection

56
Q

• Come on rapidly

A

acute infections

57
Q

• Progress and persist over a long period of time

A

chronic infection

58
Q

Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer
• More precise than symptoms

A

sign

59
Q

• Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

A

symptom

60
Q

A disease identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms

A

syndrome

61
Q

Earliest symptom of disease

A

inflammation

62
Q
  • Accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue
A

edema

63
Q
  • Walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes in the tissues
A

• Granulomas and Abscesses

64
Q
  • Swollen lymph nodes
A

• Lymphadenitis:

65
Q

Increase in the level of white blood cells

A

leukocytosis

66
Q

Decrease in the level of white blood cells

A

leukopenia

67
Q

General state in which microbes are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers

A

septicemia

68
Q

Small numbers of bacteria are present in the blood but not necessarily multiplying

A

bacteremia

69
Q

Presence of viruses in the blood,
whether or not they are actively
multiplying

A

viremia

70
Q

• Asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent infections:

A

Infections That Go Unnoticed

71
Q

• Host is infected but does not manifest the disease
• Patient experiences no symptoms or disease and does not seek medical attention
• Most infections are attended by some sort of sign

A

Asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent infections

72
Q

Avenue for pathogens to exit the host
• Secretion
• Excretion
• Discharge
• Sloughed tissue

A

portal of exit

73
Q

Respiratory and Salivary Portals
• Escape media for pathogens that infect the upper and lower respiratory tract:

A

• Mucus
• Sputum
• Nasal drainage
• Other moist secretions

74
Q

The outer layer of skin and scalp is constantly being shed into the environment
• Household dust is composed of skin cells
• A single person can shed several billion skin cells a dav

A

skin scales

75
Q

Some intestinal pathogens cause irritation in the intestinal mucosa that increases the motility of the bowel
• Resulting diarrhea provides a rapid exit for the pathogen
• Helminth worms release eggs and cysts through the feces
• Feces containing pathogens are a public health problem when allowed to contaminate drinking water or when used to fertilize crops

A

fecal exit

76
Q

Blood-feeding animals are common transmitters of pathogens:

A

Ticks
• Fleas

77
Q

• A dormant state of an infectious agent
• During this state, a microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease
• The agents of syphilis, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and malaria also enter

A

latency

78
Q

• Long-term or permanent damage to organs and tissues
• Meningitis can result in deafness, strep throat can lead to rheumatic heart disease, Lyme disease can cause arthritis, and polio can produce paralysis

A

sequelae

79
Q

The time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms

A

incubation period

80
Q

• When the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear

A

prodromal period

81
Q

Infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest virulence, and becomes well established in its target tissue

A

acute phase

82
Q

• Patient responds to infection and symptoms decline

A

convalescent stage

83
Q

Primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates

A

reservoir

84
Q

Distinct from a reservoir
• Individual or object from which an infection is acquired

A

source

85
Q

Distinct from a reservoir
• Individual or object from which an infection is acquired

A

source

86
Q

A person with a cold contaminates a pen, which is then picked up by a healthy person

A

indirect permission

87
Q

A sick person sneezing on a healthy

A

direct transmission

88
Q

• A person who is fully recovered from his hepatitis but is still shedding hepatitis A virus in his feces uses suboptimal handwashing technique and then contaminates food which a healthy person ingests

A

human carriers

89
Q

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing

A

carrier

90
Q

• In epidemiology, a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
• Majority of _____ are arthropods

A

vectors

91
Q

Actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle, serving as a site in which the pathogen can multiply or complete its life cycle
- Communicates the infectious agent to the human host by biting, aerosol formation, or touch

A

biological vector

92
Q
  • Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent
    — Merely transport the pathogen without being infected
A

mechanical vector

93
Q

An infection indigenous to animals but also transmissible to humans
• Human is the dead-end host and does not contribute to the natural persistence of the microbe
• Spread of disease is promoted by close associations of humans with animals

A

zoonosis

94
Q

Microbes have adapted to nearly every habitat in the biosphere
• Soil, water, air, the built environment
• Most are saprobic and cause little harm to humans
• Some are opportunists
• A few are regular pathogens

A

non living reservoir

95
Q

Animals (other than humans and arthropods):
• Can be directly transmitted to humans
• Can be transmitted to humans via vectors
• Can be transmitted through vehicles such as water

A

living reservoir

96
Q

Occurs when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host

A

communicable disease

97
Q

The agent is highly communicable, especially through direct contact

A

contagious

98
Q

Does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host

A

non communicable

99
Q

Disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another

A

horizontal transmission

100
Q

kissing and sex (Epstein-Barr virus, gonorrhea)

A

direct (contact) transmission

101
Q

fomites, vehicles, parenteral (via injection into deeper tissues)

A

indirect transmission

102
Q

Transmission from parent to offspring via ovum, sperm, placenta, or milk

A

vector transmission

103
Q

Any inanimate material commonly used by humans that can transmit infectious agents

A

vehicle

104
Q

• An inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens
• Not a continuous source of infection

A

fomite

105
Q

• Fecal carrier with inadequate personal hygiene contaminates food during handling, and an unsuspecting person ingests it

A

Oral-fecal route

106
Q

Indoor air can serve as a support medium for the suspension and dispersal of respiratory pathogens via droplet nuclei and aerosols

A

air

107
Q

Dried microscopic residues created when microscopic pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from the mouth and nose

A

droplet nuclei

108
Q

Suspensions of fine dust or moisture particles in the air that contain live pathogens

A

aerosols

109
Q

• Infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital stay or stay in another health-care facility
• Rates of HAls can range from 0.1 to 20% of all admitted patients

A

Healthcare-Associated Infections

110
Q

Practices that lower the microbial load in patients, caregivers, and the hospital environment

A

medical asepsis

111
Q

• Ensuring all surgical procedures are conducted under sterile conditions

A

surgical asepsis

112
Q

• Implements proper practices and procedures throughout the hospital

A

Infection control officer

113
Q

• Developed a standard for determining causation of disease that stood the test of scientific scrutiny

A

Robert Koch

114
Q

• Essential aim of the study of infection and disease is determining the etiologic agent (causative agent)

A

Koch’s Postulates to Determine Etiology

115
Q
  • A series of proofs that established classic criteria for etiologic studies
A

Koch’s postulates

116
Q

• Effects of diseases on the community
• Involves the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations

A

epidemiology

117
Q

• Notifiable diseases
• By law, some diseases must be reported to authorities
• Other diseases are reported on a voluntary basis

A

reportable diseases

118
Q

• Responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide
• Part of the U.S. Public Health Service
• Morbidity and Mortality Report: a weekly notice of diseases published by the CDC
• The CDC shares its statistics on disease with the World Health Organization (WHO) for worldwide tabulation and control

A

Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention

119
Q

• Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population

A

Prevalence of disease

120
Q

• Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period
• Also known as case or morbidity rate

A

Incidence of disease

121
Q

• Measures the number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

A

Mortality rate

122
Q

One in which the infectious agents came from a single source

A

point source epidemic

123
Q

• Result form common exposure to a single source of infection that can occur over a period of time

A

Common-source epidemic

124
Q

• Results from an infectious agent that is communicable from person to person and is sustained over time in a population

A

Propagated epidemic

125
Q

• Spread of an epidemic across continents

A

pandemic

126
Q

The first patient found in an epidemiological investigation

A

index case

127
Q

An infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale

A

endemic

128
Q

• Occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in random locales

A

Sporadic disease

micropara midterms (2 decks)

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