Eukaryotes Flashcards
when did the first eukaryotic cells appear on earth?
2-3 billion years ago
where did bacteria and eukaryotes evolve from?
a precursor called the last common ancestor.
gave rise to bacteria, archaea, and eukarya separately.
last common ancestor
are last common ancestors prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
neither
where did the organelles from bacteria and eukaryotes originate from?
more primitive cells that became trapped in eukaryotic cells.
a type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside the body or the cells of another organism.
endosymbiosis
theory that discusses how organelles arose in organisms and the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
endosymbiosis
during endosymbiosis, where does the smaller bacterium get established inside the larger precursor cell?
cytoplasm
what can smaller prokaryotic cells do for larger precursor cells that became their host?
utilize aerobic metabolism and increase energy availability for the host.
what part of the larger precursor cell turned into the ancestral eukaryotic cell develops into an endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope?
extensive membrane pouches
what bacteria is engulfed in ancestral eukaryotic cells to form chloroplasts?
photosynthetic bacteria such as cyanobacteria
what are the first primitive eukaryotes?
single-celled and independent
how does multicellular organisms evolve from a colony?
cells became specialized to perform a particular function in a colony, but they evolved when they lost their ability to survive apart from the colony.
eukaryotic organism that is always unicellular.
protozoa
eukaryotic organism that may be unicellular or multicellular.
fungi and algae
eukaryotic organism that is always multicellular.
helminths
what type of cell do eggs of helminths or larval forms possess?
unicellular
features of eukaryotic cells found in all eukaryotes.
cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, er, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx
structures found in some eukaryotic cells.
cell wall, locomotor appendages, and chloroplasts
are eukaryotic flagella thinner than bacterial flagella?
no, they are 10x thicker
which is more complex, eukaryotic or bacterial flagella?
eukaryotic
which is covered by an extension of the cell membrane, eukaryotic or bacterial flagella?
eukaryotic
arrangement of eukaryotic flagella.
long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow microtubules (9+2 arrangement)
similar in overall structure to flagella.
cilia
is cilia longer and scarce?
shorter and more numerous – up to several thousand in some cells.
where is cilia found?
found only in a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells.
functions as feeding and filtering structures on some cells.
cilia
what two strokes does the cilia produce?
power stroke and recovery stroke
the cilium moves in a coordinated, whip-like motion.
power stroke
the cilium returns to its original position in preparation for the next power stroke.
recovery stroke
an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment.
glycocalyx
also called an extracellular matrix.
glycocalyx
the glycocalyx is composed of?
polysaccharides
function of the glycocalyx
for protection and adherence
glycocalyx appearance
network of fibers, slime layer, and capsule
fungi have thick rigid cell wall (t/f).
true
what lacks cell walls?
protozoa and all animal cells
cell wall is found in?
fungi and algae
which is more rigid, bacterial or fungal/algal cell wall?
fungal
provide structural support and shape.
cell wall
fungal cell wall is composed of a thick inner layer of polysaccharide fiber made of?
chitin
algal cell wall is composed of?
cellulose
what composes of the cell wall in fungi?
chitin, glycoprotein, and mixed glycans
is the cell wall between the cell membrane and glycocalyx or after the glycocalyx?
between
typical bilayer phospholipids embedded with protein molecules.
cytoplasmic membrane
cytoplasmic membrane typically contains?
sterols
function of sterols
stabilize eukaryotic membranes
stabilize eukaryotic membranes.
sterols
selectively permeable barrier
cytoplasmic membrane
sophisticated mechanisms for transporting nutrients in and waste and other products out.
cytoplasmic membrane
how many layers are there in the cell membrane?
2
the heads of the phospholipids of the cell membrane is?
hydrophilic
the tails of the phospholipids of the cell membrane is?
hydrophobic
the cell membrane is made of two layers of?
phospholipids
compact sphere, most prominent organelle.
nucleus
control center
nucleus
the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the?
nuclear envelope
why does nucleolus stain more intensely?
due to its rna content
site for ribosomal rna synthesis.
nucleolus
material of eukaryotic chromosomes.
chromatin
long, linear dna molecules bound to histones.
chromatin
units of genetic information in the cell.
chromatin
production of sex cells.
meiosis
visible during mitosis
chromosomes
5 phases of mitosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and storage.
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes attached to its surface.
rough er
proteins held for packaging and transport.
rough er
er that does not contain ribosomes.
smooth er
synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules.
smooth er
site of protein modification and transport.
golgi apparatus
consists of a stack of flattened, disc-shaped sacs.
golgi apparatus
close to the golgi apparatus, the er forms _ that are picked up by the Golgi apparatus.
transitional vesicles
what does the golgi apparatus add to proteins?
polysaccharides and lipids
where does the golgi apparatus add the molecules to the proteins?
transitional vesicles
where does golgi apparatus pinch the added molecules to the protein?
condensing vesicles
where do golgi apparatus convey the condensing vesicles after pinching?
lysosomes or transported as secretory vesicles
genetic information originates from the?
nucleus
nature’s assembly line (3).
nucleus, er, and golgi apparatus
synthesizes proteins
ribosomes
where are proteins deposited after synthesizing it from the ribosomes?
rough er
where are proteins packaged into vesicles?
golgi apparatus
vesicles that transport proteins from the er to the golgi apparatus.
transitional vesicles
primarily responsible for packaging mature, fully processed proteins into secretory vesicles for export from the golgi.
condensing vesicles
golgi apparatus face that is the closest to the er.
cis face
golgi apparatus face that is the farthest to the er.
trans face
originate from the golgi apparatus and contain a variety of enzymes.
lysosomes
involved in intracellular digestion of food and protection against invading microorganisms.
lysosomes
membrane-bound sacs
vacuoles
contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored.
vacuoles
energy generators of the cell.
mitochondria
supply the bulk of the energy of a cell.
mitochondria
folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
cristae
hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration.
cristae
structure in mitochondria that holds ribosomes, dna, and enzymes and other compounds used in metabolism.
matrix
does mitochondria divide dependently of the cell?
divide independently of the cell.
what type of strands of dna does the mitochondria contain?
circular strands
size of mitochondria in eukaryotes
70s, similar to the sizes of bacteria which provide evidence that mitochondria were cells engulfed by other cells and became organelles.
capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
chloroplasts
photosynthesis machines
chloroplasts
primary producers of all organic nutrients, including oxygen gas.
chloroplasts
protein synthesizers
ribosomes
where can ribosomes be found?
cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, rough er, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
short chains of ribosomes.
polyribosomes
full size of eukaryotic ribosomes.
80s
eukaryotic ribosomes are similar to bacterial ribosomes in structure.
large and small subunits of ribonucleoprotein.
anchor organelles.
cytoskeleton
move rna and vesicles.
cytoskeleton
permit shape changes and movement.
cytoskeleton
three main types of filaments
actin, intermediate, and microtubules
long, thin protein strands, responsible for cellular movement.
actin filaments
ropelike, structural reinforcement of cell.
intermediate filaments
hollow tubes that maintain shape of eukaryotic cell when they don’t have cell wall.
microtubules
substitute of eukaryotic cells that does not have cell walls.
microtubules
viruses have _ as a substitute to cell wall.
capsids
what structure does viruses contain?
nucleic acids
study of fungi.
mycology
the person who studies fungi.
mycologist
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: mushrooms
macroscopic
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: puffballs
macroscopic
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: gill fungi
macroscopic
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: molds
microscopic
classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: yeasts
microscopic
majority of fungi are either unicellular or?
colonial
multicellular or unicellular: mushrooms
multicellular
multicellular or unicellular: puffballs
multicellular
multicellular or unicellular: yeast
unicellular
multicellular or unicellular: mold
multicellular
yeast cell shape
round to oval
type of reproduction yeast cell uses?
asexual reproduction
yeast cell grows swelling on its surface called?
buds
are buds on yeast cell dependent on the cell for their entire life?
they become separate cells
long, thread-like cells found in filamentous fungi or molds.
hyphae
intertwine to form a mass called mycelium or thallus
hyphae
hyphae intertwine to form a mass called?
mycelium or thallus
chains of yeast.
pseudohyphae
fungi can take either form of yeast cell or hyphae.
dimorphic
most noticeable among pathogenic species.
dimorphic
yeastlike cells are dependent on the temperature of?
37C
moldlike cells are dependent on the temperature of?
25C
acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates.
heterotrophic
obtain substrates from dead plants and animals.
saprobes
live on the bodies of living animals or plants.
parasites
garbage disposers of nature.
saprophytic fungi
vultures of microbial world.
saprophytic fungi
main source of food is dead & decaying matter.
saprophytic fungi
by secreting digestive enzyme into dead plants/animal matter, they decompose this material into absorbable nutrients.
saprophytic fungi
what do saprophytic fungi secrete to decompose dead matter into absorbable nutrients?
digestive enzymes
all saprophytes are decomposers but not all decomposers are saprophytes.
true
found in nutritionally poor or adverse environment.
fungi
thrive in substrates with high salt or sugar content, high temperature & even in snow & glacier.
fungi
where do fungi thrive in specific substrates?
high salt or sugar content
The medical and agricultural impact of fungi is extensive.
true
do fungi have cell wall?
yes
are fungi plants?
no
what type of polysaccharide does fungal cell walls contain?
chitin
are fungi photosynthetic and have chlorophyll?
no
most fungi are unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
unicellular or multicellular: yeast and microsporidia.
unicellular
how do most microscopic fungi grow?
in loose associations or colonies
the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold.
mycelium
cross walls dividing hyphae into segments.
septa
varies from solid partitions with no communications between compartments to partial walls with small pores that allow flow of organelles & nutrients between adjacent compartments.
septated hyphae
consist of 1 long, continuous cell not divided into individual compartments by cross walls. Cytoplasm & organelles are freely
moving.
non-septated/aseptate hyphae
fungal reproductive bodies.
spores
functional type of hyphae: responsible for visible mass of growth that appears in the surface of substrate & penetrates it to digest & absorb nutrients.
vegetative (mycelia)
vegetative (mycelia) hyphae has special anchoring structures called?
rhizoids
responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies called spores.
reproductive/fertile hyphae
separated piece of mycelium can generate a whole new colony.
fragmentation
primary reproductive mode.
spore formation
formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium attached to a stalk called sporangiophore.
sporangiospores
where does sporangiospores occur?
sporangium
what do sporangiospores form?
successive cleavages
what do sporangiospores form?
successive cleavages attached to a stalk called sporangiophore.
free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.
conidiospores/conidia
developed either by pinching off the tip of fertile hyphae or by segmentation of pre-existing vegetative hypha.
conidiospores/conidia
how are conidiospores formed?
either by pinching off the tip of fertile hyphae or by segmentation of pre-existing vegetative hypha.
are conidiospores unicellular or multicellular?
either
how are conidia produced at the end of conidiospore?
chain
conidiospores/conidia are produced by?
penicillium and aspergillus
results from sexual reproduction, fusion of 2 gametes.
sexual spores
fusion of 2 gametes.
sexual reproduction
3 phases of sexual spore formation.
plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
phase of sexual spore formation: haploid nucleus of a donor cell penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell.
plasmogamy
what type of nucleus penetrate the recipient cell during plasmogamy?
haploid
phase of sexual spore formation: the donor and recipient cell fuse to form diploid zygote nucleus.
karyogamy
phase of sexual spore formation: diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which maybe genetic recombinants.
meiosis
2 lower fungi
zygomycotina and chytridiomycotina
conjunction fungi- saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae
(aseptate).
zygomycotina
include the common bread molds and other fungi that cause food spoilage.
zygomycotina
sexual spores of zygomycotina are called?
zygospores
are not considered to be true fungi by some taxonomists, live in water (“water molds”) and soil.
chytridiomycotina
2 higher fungi
ascomycotina and basidiomycotina
sac fungi which include molds with septate hyphae, some yeast and some fungi that cause plant diseases (e.g., dutch elm disease).
ascomycotina
what saclike structures do ascomycotina forms?
ascospore or ascus
club fungi, process septate hyphae.
basidiomycotina
where do basidiospores form?
externally on the base pedestal of basidiomycotina called basidium.
include some yeasts, some fungi that cause plant diseases, and the large “fleshy fungi” that live in the woods (e.g., mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, puffballs).
basidiomycotina
