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Microbiology And Parasitology > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

when did the first eukaryotic cells appear on earth?

A

2-3 billion years ago

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2
Q

where did bacteria and eukaryotes evolve from?

A

a precursor called the last common ancestor.

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3
Q

gave rise to bacteria, archaea, and eukarya separately.

A

last common ancestor

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4
Q

are last common ancestors prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

neither

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5
Q

where did the organelles from bacteria and eukaryotes originate from?

A

more primitive cells that became trapped in eukaryotic cells.

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6
Q

a type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside the body or the cells of another organism.

A

endosymbiosis

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7
Q

theory that discusses how organelles arose in organisms and the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.

A

endosymbiosis

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8
Q

during endosymbiosis, where does the smaller bacterium get established inside the larger precursor cell?

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

what can smaller prokaryotic cells do for larger precursor cells that became their host?

A

utilize aerobic metabolism and increase energy availability for the host.

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10
Q

what part of the larger precursor cell turned into the ancestral eukaryotic cell develops into an endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope?

A

extensive membrane pouches

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11
Q

what bacteria is engulfed in ancestral eukaryotic cells to form chloroplasts?

A

photosynthetic bacteria such as cyanobacteria

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12
Q

what are the first primitive eukaryotes?

A

single-celled and independent

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13
Q

how does multicellular organisms evolve from a colony?

A

cells became specialized to perform a particular function in a colony, but they evolved when they lost their ability to survive apart from the colony.

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14
Q

eukaryotic organism that is always unicellular.

A

protozoa

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15
Q

eukaryotic organism that may be unicellular or multicellular.

A

fungi and algae

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16
Q

eukaryotic organism that is always multicellular.

A

helminths

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17
Q

what type of cell do eggs of helminths or larval forms possess?

A

unicellular

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18
Q

features of eukaryotic cells found in all eukaryotes.

A

cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, er, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx

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19
Q

structures found in some eukaryotic cells.

A

cell wall, locomotor appendages, and chloroplasts

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20
Q

are eukaryotic flagella thinner than bacterial flagella?

A

no, they are 10x thicker

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21
Q

which is more complex, eukaryotic or bacterial flagella?

A

eukaryotic

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22
Q

which is covered by an extension of the cell membrane, eukaryotic or bacterial flagella?

A

eukaryotic

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23
Q

arrangement of eukaryotic flagella.

A

long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow microtubules (9+2 arrangement)

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24
Q

similar in overall structure to flagella.

A

cilia

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25
Q

is cilia longer and scarce?

A

shorter and more numerous – up to several thousand in some cells.

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26
Q

where is cilia found?

A

found only in a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells.

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27
Q

functions as feeding and filtering structures on some cells.

A

cilia

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28
Q

what two strokes does the cilia produce?

A

power stroke and recovery stroke

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29
Q

the cilium moves in a coordinated, whip-like motion.

A

power stroke

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30
Q

the cilium returns to its original position in preparation for the next power stroke.

A

recovery stroke

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31
Q

an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment.

A

glycocalyx

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32
Q

also called an extracellular matrix.

A

glycocalyx

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33
Q

the glycocalyx is composed of?

A

polysaccharides

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34
Q

function of the glycocalyx

A

for protection and adherence

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35
Q

glycocalyx appearance

A

network of fibers, slime layer, and capsule

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36
Q

fungi have thick rigid cell wall (t/f).

A

true

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37
Q

what lacks cell walls?

A

protozoa and all animal cells

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38
Q

cell wall is found in?

A

fungi and algae

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39
Q

which is more rigid, bacterial or fungal/algal cell wall?

A

fungal

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40
Q

provide structural support and shape.

A

cell wall

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41
Q

fungal cell wall is composed of a thick inner layer of polysaccharide fiber made of?

A

chitin

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42
Q

algal cell wall is composed of?

A

cellulose

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43
Q

what composes of the cell wall in fungi?

A

chitin, glycoprotein, and mixed glycans

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44
Q

is the cell wall between the cell membrane and glycocalyx or after the glycocalyx?

A

between

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45
Q

typical bilayer phospholipids embedded with protein molecules.

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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46
Q

cytoplasmic membrane typically contains?

A

sterols

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47
Q

function of sterols

A

stabilize eukaryotic membranes

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48
Q

stabilize eukaryotic membranes.

A

sterols

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49
Q

selectively permeable barrier

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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50
Q

sophisticated mechanisms for transporting nutrients in and waste and other products out.

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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51
Q

how many layers are there in the cell membrane?

A

2

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52
Q

the heads of the phospholipids of the cell membrane is?

A

hydrophilic

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53
Q

the tails of the phospholipids of the cell membrane is?

A

hydrophobic

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54
Q

the cell membrane is made of two layers of?

A

phospholipids

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55
Q

compact sphere, most prominent organelle.

A

nucleus

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56
Q

control center

A

nucleus

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57
Q

the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the?

A

nuclear envelope

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58
Q

why does nucleolus stain more intensely?

A

due to its rna content

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59
Q

site for ribosomal rna synthesis.

A

nucleolus

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60
Q

material of eukaryotic chromosomes.

A

chromatin

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61
Q

long, linear dna molecules bound to histones.

A

chromatin

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62
Q

units of genetic information in the cell.

A

chromatin

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63
Q

production of sex cells.

A

meiosis

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64
Q

visible during mitosis

A

chromosomes

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65
Q

5 phases of mitosis

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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66
Q

microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and storage.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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67
Q

ribosomes attached to its surface.

A

rough er

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68
Q

proteins held for packaging and transport.

A

rough er

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69
Q

er that does not contain ribosomes.

A

smooth er

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70
Q

synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules.

A

smooth er

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71
Q

site of protein modification and transport.

A

golgi apparatus

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72
Q

consists of a stack of flattened, disc-shaped sacs.

A

golgi apparatus

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73
Q

close to the golgi apparatus, the er forms _ that are picked up by the Golgi apparatus.

A

transitional vesicles

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74
Q

what does the golgi apparatus add to proteins?

A

polysaccharides and lipids

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75
Q

where does the golgi apparatus add the molecules to the proteins?

A

transitional vesicles

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76
Q

where does golgi apparatus pinch the added molecules to the protein?

A

condensing vesicles

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77
Q

where do golgi apparatus convey the condensing vesicles after pinching?

A

lysosomes or transported as secretory vesicles

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78
Q

genetic information originates from the?

A

nucleus

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79
Q

nature’s assembly line (3).

A

nucleus, er, and golgi apparatus

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80
Q

synthesizes proteins

A

ribosomes

81
Q

where are proteins deposited after synthesizing it from the ribosomes?

A

rough er

82
Q

where are proteins packaged into vesicles?

A

golgi apparatus

83
Q

vesicles that transport proteins from the er to the golgi apparatus.

A

transitional vesicles

84
Q

primarily responsible for packaging mature, fully processed proteins into secretory vesicles for export from the golgi.

A

condensing vesicles

85
Q

golgi apparatus face that is the closest to the er.

A

cis face

86
Q

golgi apparatus face that is the farthest to the er.

A

trans face

87
Q

originate from the golgi apparatus and contain a variety of enzymes.

A

lysosomes

88
Q

involved in intracellular digestion of food and protection against invading microorganisms.

A

lysosomes

89
Q

membrane-bound sacs

A

vacuoles

90
Q

contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored.

A

vacuoles

91
Q

energy generators of the cell.

A

mitochondria

92
Q

supply the bulk of the energy of a cell.

A

mitochondria

93
Q

folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

A

cristae

94
Q

hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration.

A

cristae

95
Q

structure in mitochondria that holds ribosomes, dna, and enzymes and other compounds used in metabolism.

A

matrix

96
Q

does mitochondria divide dependently of the cell?

A

divide independently of the cell.

97
Q

what type of strands of dna does the mitochondria contain?

A

circular strands

98
Q

size of mitochondria in eukaryotes

A

70s, similar to the sizes of bacteria which provide evidence that mitochondria were cells engulfed by other cells and became organelles.

99
Q

capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

A

chloroplasts

100
Q

photosynthesis machines

A

chloroplasts

101
Q

primary producers of all organic nutrients, including oxygen gas.

A

chloroplasts

102
Q

protein synthesizers

A

ribosomes

103
Q

where can ribosomes be found?

A

cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, rough er, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

104
Q

short chains of ribosomes.

A

polyribosomes

105
Q

full size of eukaryotic ribosomes.

A

80s

106
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes are similar to bacterial ribosomes in structure.

A

large and small subunits of ribonucleoprotein.

107
Q

anchor organelles.

A

cytoskeleton

108
Q

move rna and vesicles.

A

cytoskeleton

109
Q

permit shape changes and movement.

A

cytoskeleton

110
Q

three main types of filaments

A

actin, intermediate, and microtubules

111
Q

long, thin protein strands, responsible for cellular movement.

A

actin filaments

112
Q

ropelike, structural reinforcement of cell.

A

intermediate filaments

113
Q

hollow tubes that maintain shape of eukaryotic cell when they don’t have cell wall.

A

microtubules

114
Q

substitute of eukaryotic cells that does not have cell walls.

A

microtubules

115
Q

viruses have _ as a substitute to cell wall.

A

capsids

116
Q

what structure does viruses contain?

A

nucleic acids

117
Q

study of fungi.

A

mycology

118
Q

the person who studies fungi.

A

mycologist

119
Q

classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: mushrooms

A

macroscopic

120
Q

classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: puffballs

A

macroscopic

121
Q

classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: gill fungi

A

macroscopic

122
Q

classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: molds

A

microscopic

123
Q

classify whether microscopic or macroscopic fungi: yeasts

A

microscopic

124
Q

majority of fungi are either unicellular or?

A

colonial

125
Q

multicellular or unicellular: mushrooms

A

multicellular

126
Q

multicellular or unicellular: puffballs

A

multicellular

127
Q

multicellular or unicellular: yeast

A

unicellular

128
Q

multicellular or unicellular: mold

A

multicellular

129
Q

yeast cell shape

A

round to oval

130
Q

type of reproduction yeast cell uses?

A

asexual reproduction

131
Q

yeast cell grows swelling on its surface called?

A

buds

132
Q

are buds on yeast cell dependent on the cell for their entire life?

A

they become separate cells

133
Q

long, thread-like cells found in filamentous fungi or molds.

A

hyphae

134
Q

intertwine to form a mass called mycelium or thallus

A

hyphae

135
Q

hyphae intertwine to form a mass called?

A

mycelium or thallus

136
Q

chains of yeast.

A

pseudohyphae

137
Q

fungi can take either form of yeast cell or hyphae.

A

dimorphic

138
Q

most noticeable among pathogenic species.

A

dimorphic

139
Q

yeastlike cells are dependent on the temperature of?

A

37C

140
Q

moldlike cells are dependent on the temperature of?

A

25C

141
Q

acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates.

A

heterotrophic

142
Q

obtain substrates from dead plants and animals.

A

saprobes

143
Q

live on the bodies of living animals or plants.

A

parasites

144
Q

garbage disposers of nature.

A

saprophytic fungi

145
Q

vultures of microbial world.

A

saprophytic fungi

146
Q

main source of food is dead & decaying matter.

A

saprophytic fungi

147
Q

by secreting digestive enzyme into dead plants/animal matter, they decompose this material into absorbable nutrients.

A

saprophytic fungi

148
Q

what do saprophytic fungi secrete to decompose dead matter into absorbable nutrients?

A

digestive enzymes

149
Q

all saprophytes are decomposers but not all decomposers are saprophytes.

A

true

150
Q

found in nutritionally poor or adverse environment.

A

fungi

151
Q

thrive in substrates with high salt or sugar content, high temperature & even in snow & glacier.

A

fungi

152
Q

where do fungi thrive in specific substrates?

A

high salt or sugar content

153
Q

The medical and agricultural impact of fungi is extensive.

A

true

154
Q

do fungi have cell wall?

A

yes

155
Q

are fungi plants?

A

no

156
Q

what type of polysaccharide does fungal cell walls contain?

A

chitin

157
Q

are fungi photosynthetic and have chlorophyll?

A

no

158
Q

most fungi are unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

159
Q

unicellular or multicellular: yeast and microsporidia.

A

unicellular

160
Q

how do most microscopic fungi grow?

A

in loose associations or colonies

161
Q

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold.

A

mycelium

162
Q

cross walls dividing hyphae into segments.

A

septa

163
Q

varies from solid partitions with no communications between compartments to partial walls with small pores that allow flow of organelles & nutrients between adjacent compartments.

A

septated hyphae

164
Q

consist of 1 long, continuous cell not divided into individual compartments by cross walls. Cytoplasm & organelles are freely
moving.

A

non-septated/aseptate hyphae

165
Q

fungal reproductive bodies.

A

spores

166
Q

functional type of hyphae: responsible for visible mass of growth that appears in the surface of substrate & penetrates it to digest & absorb nutrients.

A

vegetative (mycelia)

167
Q

vegetative (mycelia) hyphae has special anchoring structures called?

A

rhizoids

168
Q

responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies called spores.

A

reproductive/fertile hyphae

169
Q

separated piece of mycelium can generate a whole new colony.

A

fragmentation

170
Q

primary reproductive mode.

A

spore formation

171
Q

formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium attached to a stalk called sporangiophore.

A

sporangiospores

172
Q

where does sporangiospores occur?

A

sporangium

173
Q

what do sporangiospores form?

A

successive cleavages

174
Q

what do sporangiospores form?

A

successive cleavages attached to a stalk called sporangiophore.

175
Q

free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.

A

conidiospores/conidia

176
Q

developed either by pinching off the tip of fertile hyphae or by segmentation of pre-existing vegetative hypha.

A

conidiospores/conidia

177
Q

how are conidiospores formed?

A

either by pinching off the tip of fertile hyphae or by segmentation of pre-existing vegetative hypha.

178
Q

are conidiospores unicellular or multicellular?

A

either

179
Q

how are conidia produced at the end of conidiospore?

A

chain

180
Q

conidiospores/conidia are produced by?

A

penicillium and aspergillus

181
Q

results from sexual reproduction, fusion of 2 gametes.

A

sexual spores

182
Q

fusion of 2 gametes.

A

sexual reproduction

183
Q

3 phases of sexual spore formation.

A

plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

184
Q

phase of sexual spore formation: haploid nucleus of a donor cell penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell.

A

plasmogamy

185
Q

what type of nucleus penetrate the recipient cell during plasmogamy?

A

haploid

186
Q

phase of sexual spore formation: the donor and recipient cell fuse to form diploid zygote nucleus.

A

karyogamy

187
Q

phase of sexual spore formation: diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which maybe genetic recombinants.

A

meiosis

188
Q

2 lower fungi

A

zygomycotina and chytridiomycotina

189
Q

conjunction fungi- saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae
(aseptate).

A

zygomycotina

190
Q

include the common bread molds and other fungi that cause food spoilage.

A

zygomycotina

191
Q

sexual spores of zygomycotina are called?

A

zygospores

192
Q

are not considered to be true fungi by some taxonomists, live in water (“water molds”) and soil.

A

chytridiomycotina

193
Q

2 higher fungi

A

ascomycotina and basidiomycotina

194
Q

sac fungi which include molds with septate hyphae, some yeast and some fungi that cause plant diseases (e.g., dutch elm disease).

A

ascomycotina

195
Q

what saclike structures do ascomycotina forms?

A

ascospore or ascus

196
Q

club fungi, process septate hyphae.

A

basidiomycotina

197
Q

where do basidiospores form?

A

externally on the base pedestal of basidiomycotina called basidium.

198
Q

include some yeasts, some fungi that cause plant diseases, and the large “fleshy fungi” that live in the woods (e.g., mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, puffballs).

A

basidiomycotina

Microbiology And Parasitology (3 decks)

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