Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Flashcards
eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial organism
that lacks true tissues.
protist
two organisms under the kingdom protista.
algae and protozoa
group of photosynthetic organisms.
algae
examples of algae that are most recognizable (large, multicellular).
seaweed and kelp
where is algae found?
found in ocean, shore, wet rocks, ponds, soil and trees with sufficient moisture.
widespread inhabitants of fresh water & marine water.
algae
what type of water temperature does algae like?
cool temperature of water
main component of the floating community of
microscopic organisms.
algae
floating community of microscopic organisms.
plankton
produce most of the earth’s oxygen.
algae
study of algae.
phycology/algology
the person who studies algae.
phycologists/algologists
algae are heterotrophs or autotrophs?
autotrophs
unicellular, colonial, filamentous organism.
algae
do algae have complex organs?
simple organs
are all eukaryotic organelles present in an algae?
yes
organelles found in algae.
cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, golgi complex
thickened cell membrane of algae.
pellicle
“eye spot” a light sensing organelle in algae.
stigma
does algae have flagella?
yes
most prominent structure of algae.
chloroplast
what does chloroplast contain?
green pigment called chlorophyll
is green the only pigment found in chloroplast?
also contains other photosynthetic pigment that create other colors of red, brown & yellow
examples of microscopic algae.
diatoms, dinoflagellates & desmids
location of algae depends on?
availability of nutrients, wavelength of
light & surfaces where they can grow
which is more plantlike, algae or protozoa?
algae
how does algae produce their energy?
photosynthesis
how does photosynthesis work?
algae use energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic nutrients from the soil to build cellular material
what does algal cell walls contain?
cellulose
algae that does not have cell walls.
euglena and volvox
algae that does not have a cell wall containing cellulose.
diatoms and dinoflagellates
the body of a multicellular alga (seaweed).
thallus/thalli
anchor alga to rock
branched holdfast
thallus is made up of?
branched holdfast, stemlike and hollow stipes, and leaflike blades
what structure helps thallus carry out photosynthesis?
cells covering thallus
thallus lacks what two conductive tissues?
xylem and phloem
how does algae absorb nutrients?
absorb nutrients from water over entire surface
floating gas-filled bladder.
pneumatocyst
buoyed by a floating gas-filled bladder.
algae
vegetative structure of algae.
thallus/thalli
all algae can reproduce?
asexually
what algae can fragment themselves to form a new thallus/filament?
multicellular algae with thalli & filamentous forms
some algae can reproduce?
sexually
common kinds of planktons
cyanobacteria, silica-encased diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, and chalk-coated coccolithophores
macroscopic and may reach lengths of 50m.
brown algae/kelp
most are found in coastal water.
brown algae/kelp
a thickener used in many food extracted from the cell wall of a type of algae.
algin
a thickener used in many food is extracted from the cell wall of a?
brown algae/kelp
used to induce vaginal dilation before surgical entry into uterus through vagina.
Laminaria japonica
have delicately branched thalli and can live in greater ocean depths than other algae.
red algae
the red pigments enable red algae to absorb ____ that penetrates deepest into the ocean.
blue light
have cellulose cell walls, contain chlorophyll & store starch as plants do.
green algae
most green algae are?
microscopic, although they may either be unicellular or multicellular
are tiny, unicellular algae that live in both freshwater and seawater.
diatoms
is diatoms unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
important members of the phytoplankton.
diatoms
what does diatom cell wall contain?
silicon dioxide, making their cell walls made of glass
fossilized remains of diatoms.
diatomaceous earth
deposits of diatoms are used to make?
diatomaceous earth
where is diatomaceous earth used?
filtration systems, insulation, and abrasives
are microscopic, unicellular, flagellated, often photosynthetic algae.
dinoflagellates
are dinoflagellates unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
produce much of the oxygen in our atmosphere and serving as important links in food chains.
dinoflagellates
some dinoflagellates produce light and are sometimes referred to as?
fire algae
responsible for red tides.
dinoflagellates
examples of green algae.
desmids, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, and Euglena, all of which can be found in pond water.
unicellular algae, some of which resemble a microscopic banana.
desmids
an example of a filamentous alga, often producing long green strands in pond water.
spirogyra
unicellular, bi-flagellated alga, containing one chloroplast and a stigma.
Chlamydomonas
multicellular alga (sometimes referred to as a colonial alga or colony), consisting of as many as 60,000 interconnected, bi-flagellated cells, arranged to form a hollow sphere.
volvox
how does the volvox colony move through water?
rolling motion
possesses features present in both algae and protozoa.
Euglena
does Euglena contain chloroplasts?
yes
protozoan features of Euglena
presence of cytostome and the absence of a cell wall
primitive mouth of protozoans.
cytostome
possesses a photo sensing organelle called a stigma and a single flagellum. With its stigma, it can sense light; with its flagellum, it
can swim into the light.
Euglena
although Euglena has no cell wall, it possesses a?
pellicle
function of a pellicle
protection
important source of food, iodine and other
minerals, fertilizers, emulsifiers for pudding, and stabilizers for ice cream and salad dressings (algins).
algae
used as a gelling agent for jams and nutrient
media for bacterial growth.
algae
algae are nearly 50%?
oil
because algae are nearly 50% oil, scientists are studying them as a source of?
biofuels
agar used as a solidifying agent in laboratory culture media is made up of?
complex polysaccharide derived from a red marine alga
overgrowth of motile algae imparting a brilliant red color to the water.
red tide
colonies of algae grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds.
harmful algal blooms
HABs causes __________ which is marked by severe neurological symptoms and is fatal.
paralytic shellfish poisoning
intoxication caused by algal toxins that have accumulated in fish (bass & mackerel).
ciguatera
prototheca causes infections to humans called?
protothecosis
lives in soil and can enter wounds especially on lower extremities. if organism enters lymphatics, it can lead to fatal infection.
prototheca
are eukaryotic organisms that together with algae are classified in the kingdom protista.
protozoa
the protozoa include about how many species?
65,000
most members are harmless inhabitants of the water and soil.
protozoa
most protozoa are unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
size of protozoa ranges from?
3-2,000 micrometer
which is more animal like: protozoa or algae?
protozoa
study of protozoa.
protozoology
the person who studies protozoa.
protozoologist
does protozoa have chloroplasts?
no
single cells containing all major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplasts.
protozoa
organelles of protozoa can be highly specialized into structures analogous to?
mouths, digestive system, reproductive tracts, and legs (means of locomotion)
cytoplasm is divided into two layers in protozoa, name them.
ectoplasm and endoplasm
layer of cytoplasm that is a clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection.
ectoplasm
layer of cytoplasm that is the granular inner region that houses nucleus, mitochondria, and contractile vacuole.
endoplasm
does protozoa have cell walls?
no
flexible, cell shape can remain constant as in ciliates or change constantly as in amoebas.
protozoa
some protozoans possesses?
pellicle, cytostomes, contractile vacuole, pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella
common pond water ciliates
paramecium
paramecium possesses both?
pellicle and cytostome
organelle that pumps water out of the cell.
contractile vacuole
heterotrophic species that scavenge dead plant or animal debris, graze on live cells of bacteria and algae, and some absorb food directly through cell membrane.
free-living species
heterotrophic species that live on fluids of the host such as plasma and digestive juices, may actively feed on tissues, many parasitic protozoa are pathogens causing malaria, giardiasis, African sleeping sickness and amoebic dysentery.
parasitic species
limiting factor of protozoan habitat.
availability of moisture
predominant habitats of protozoa.
fresh and marine water, soil, plants, animals, and extreme temperature and pH is not barrier to their existence
example of a protozoa that coexist with their host animal in a mutualistic relationship.
termite and its intestinal protozoa
three styles of locomotion in protozoa.
pseudopods, flagella, and cilia
false feet
pseudopods
blunt, branched or long & pointed.
pseudopods
flowing action of pseudopods results in?
amoeboid motion
also serve as feeding structures for amoebas.
pseudopods
also serve as feeding structures for Amoebas, they surround particle with pseudopodia, which then fuse together (phagocytosis).
true
vary in number from one to several.
flagella
exhibit a wavelike motion.
flagella
in some species, flagella is attached along the length of cell by an extension of cytoplasmic membrane called?
undulating membrane
hair-like projections distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic pattern.
cilia
exhibit an oarlike motion.
cilia
most complex and diverse cell because of the tremendous variety in arrangements and functions.
ciliates
in certain protozoa, it lines anal groove & function in feeding.
cilia
in others, they fuse together to form stiff props that serve as primitive rows of walking legs.
cilia
motile, feeding, dividing stage of protozoa.
trophozoite
formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding (like bacterial spores).
cyst
dormant, resting, survival stage of protozoa.
cyst
requires ample food and moisture to remain active.
trophozoite
during encystment, what happens to the trophozoite?
it rounds up into a sphere, while the ectoplasm secretes a tough, thick cuticle around cell membrane.
stage of protozoa that is more resistant to heat, drying & chemical.
cyst
if moisture is present, what happens to protozoan cyst?
cyst breaks open and releases active trophozoite.
can be dispersed by air current which is an important factor in spread of disease.
cyst
how can the cyst and trophozoite form of protozoa be identified?
ova and parasite testing of patient stool sample
O&P testing combined with immunology-based test used for disease diagnosis in cases of?
giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis
parasitic protozoa that are pathogens causing?
malaria, giardiasis, african sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery
do all protozoa become a cyst?
no, some protozoa groups exist only in trophozoite state
how can trichomonas vaginalis be transmitted if it does not form a cyst?
intimate contact between sexual partners
how can cryptosporidium and giardia lamblia be transmitted if they form a cyst?
contaminated water or food
what type of reproduction method does protozoa use?
simple, asexual methods, usually mitosis
how does malaria and toxoplasmosis reproduce?
multiple fission or schizogony
how does sexual reproduction in ciliates occur?
conjugation
form of genetic exchange between two cells
wherein they exchange micronuclei giving rise to new & different genetic combination.
conjugation
classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) how do they reproduce?
sexual reproduction by syngamy
division by longitudinal fission.
syngamy
classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) what do they form and are they free-living or parasitic?
they form cyst and are free-living
includes Trichomonas vaginalis
(Trichomoniasis), Giardia lamblia
(Gardiasis), Trypanosoma cruzi (Changas
disease), Trypanosoma brucei (African
Sleeping Sickness)
uses flagella to move
classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) how many nucleus do they possess?
single nucleus
those protozoa using amoeboid motion are primarily?
amoeba
what do those protozoa that use amoeboid motion to move use for locomotion?
pseudopods
those protozoa that use amoeboid motion to move, how do they reproduce?
asexual reproduction by fission
are most amoebas infectious and are they free-living
they are free-living and not infectious
protozoa that uses amoeboid motion that causes amoebiasis.
entamoeba histolytica
trophozoites are motile due to?
cilia
those protozoa that uses cilia to move mostly develop into?
cysts
what types of nuclei do protozoa that use cilia to move have?
macronuclei and micronuclei
how do those protozoa use cilia to move reproduce?
division by transverse fission
those protozoa using cilia to move are usually parasitic and harmful?
free-living and harmless
out of all the classification of selected protozoa, which is the most complex?
those protozoa that uses cilia to move
only ciliated protozoa causing disease in humans.
Balantidium coli
what does Balantidium coli cause in humans?
dysentery
examples of pond water ciliates
paramecium, stentor, and blepharisma
protozoa that have no motility are called?
sporozoa
protozoa that is not motile are?
parasitic
the most important sporozoan pathogen that causes malaria.
Plasmodium
sporozoa produce spores like cells of
_______ which also exhibit unique form of
gliding motility.
sporozoites
sporozoa produce spores like cells of
sporozoites which also exhibit unique form of
_____________.
gliding motility
Most sporozoan forms thick-walled zygotes
called?
oocysts
example of protozoa that is not motile.
Taxoplasma gondii (taxoplasmosis)
considerations in identifying protozoa.
shape and size of cell, type, number, and distribution of locomotor structures, presence of special organelles or cysts, and number of nuclei
how can protozoa be identified using cultivation?
blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, fecal, or vaginal specimens smeared on a slide w/ or w/o staining
study of protozoa and helminths.
parasitology
term most often used to denote protozoan
and helminth pathogens.
parasite
Trypanosoma brucei
African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease
both found in the blood during infection.
Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi
how are trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?
blood-sucking vectors
Giardia lamblia
giardiasis (intestinal distress)
Trichomonas vaginalis
trichomoniasis (vaginal symptoms)
Leishmania donovani, L. tropica, L. brasiliensis
leishmaniasis (either skin lesions or widespread involvement of internal organs)
Cryptosporidium
cryptosporidiosis (intestinal and other symptoms)
Cyclospora cayetanensis
cyclosporiasis (intestinal and other symptoms)
Naegleria, Acanthamoeba
Brain infection
give three parasitic helminths.
tapeworms, flukes, roundworms
are parasitic helminths large?
usually large enough to be seen with the naked eye
roundworm size
more than 1 mm
longest tapeworm size
25m
parasitic helminths are considered microorganisms because?
microscope is needed to identify their eggs & larvae.
thin segmented body plan, dorsoventrally flattened.
flatworms (phylum platyhelminthes)
long, cylindrical, unsegmented body.
roundworms (phylum aschelminthes/nematodes)
2 major groups of parasitic helminths based on body type.
flatworms, roundworms
2 subdivisions of flatworms
cestodes/tapeworms, and trematodes/flukes
long, ribbon-like arrangement and dorsoventrally flattened.
cestodes/tapeworms
flat, oval bodies, leaf-shaped with ventral and oral sucker.
trematodes/flukes
are all flatworms and roundworms parasitic?
not all flatworms and roundworms are parasites by nature; many live free in soil
and water
most disease-causing helminths spend part of their lives in the?
gastrointestinal tract
cylindrical and tapered at each end.
nematodes/roundworms
have a complete digestive system consisting of a mouth, intestine and anus.
nematodes/roundworms
in nematodes, which is smaller: male or females?
male
what mating structure do nematodes/roundworms possess?
one or two hardened spicules on posterior ends
common causes of chronic infectious diseases.
intestinal roundworms (ascaris, hookworms, and whipworms)
are worms unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular with some organs and organ systems
what part is the most developed part in worms?
reproductive tract
what do most worms have for protection?
thick cuticles
structure of worms
primitive digestive, excretory, nervous, and muscular systems
reproduction is so dominant that the worms are reduced to little more than a series of flattened sacs filled with ovaries, testes, and eggs.
cestodes
what do worms use for breaking down the host’s tissue?
mouth glands
complete life cycle of helminths.
fertilized egg (embryo), larval and adult stage
majority of helminths derive nutrients and reproduce _____ in the host’s body.
sexually
sexes are separate & have different morphologies.
nematodes
sexes can either be separate or hermaphroditic.
trematodes
male and female sex organs in the same worm.
hermaphroditic
helminths that are generally hermaphroditic.
cestodes
three types of host in the general life cycle of helminths.
intermediate (secondary) host, definitive (final) host, and transport host
the host in which larval development occurs.
intermediate (secondary) host
host in which adulthood and mating occur.
definitive (final) host
is an intermediate host that experiences no
parasitic development but is an essential link in the completion of the cycle.
transport host
sources for human infection:
food, soil, water, and infected animals
routes of infection:
oral intake or penetration of unbroken skin
definitive hosts for many species and the sole biological reservoir for about half of the diseases.
humans
Intestinal nematodes that are infective in egg (embryo) stage.
Ascaris lumbricoides (ascariasis), and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Intestinal nematode infective in larval stage.
Trichinella spiralis (trichina worm)
Onchocerca volvulus
river blindness
Dracunculus medinensis
guinea worm
example of flatworm trematode
Schistosoma japonicum (blood fluke)
examples of flatworm cestodes
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
causes a very common infestation of the large intestine.
Enterobius vermicularis
size of Enterobius vermicularis
2 to 12 mm long
tapered, curved cylinder shape.
Enterobius vermicularis
what infection does Enterobius vermicularis cause?
enterobiasis
simple, uncomplicated infection that does not spread beyond the intestine.
enterobiasis
classifications of helminths.
shape, size, degree of development of organs, presence of hooks, suckers, other special structures, mode of reproduction, kinds of hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae
how many helminths parasitize humans?
about 50 species
in what areas does helminths have a higher incidence?
tropical areas
estimated number of helminthic infections that occurred in north america.
50 million
absence of helminth infections may contribute to?
autoimmunity and allergy
are protozoa autotrophic or heterotrophic?
may either be both
