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Microbiology And Parasitology > Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths > Flashcards

Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Flashcards

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1
Q

eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial organism
that lacks true tissues.

A

protist

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2
Q

two organisms under the kingdom protista.

A

algae and protozoa

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3
Q

group of photosynthetic organisms.

A

algae

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4
Q

examples of algae that are most recognizable (large, multicellular).

A

seaweed and kelp

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5
Q

where is algae found?

A

found in ocean, shore, wet rocks, ponds, soil and trees with sufficient moisture.

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6
Q

widespread inhabitants of fresh water & marine water.

A

algae

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7
Q

what type of water temperature does algae like?

A

cool temperature of water

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8
Q

main component of the floating community of
microscopic organisms.

A

algae

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9
Q

floating community of microscopic organisms.

A

plankton

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10
Q

produce most of the earth’s oxygen.

A

algae

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11
Q

study of algae.

A

phycology/algology

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12
Q

the person who studies algae.

A

phycologists/algologists

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13
Q

algae are heterotrophs or autotrophs?

A

autotrophs

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14
Q

unicellular, colonial, filamentous organism.

A

algae

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15
Q

do algae have complex organs?

A

simple organs

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16
Q

are all eukaryotic organelles present in an algae?

A

yes

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17
Q

organelles found in algae.

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, golgi complex

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18
Q

thickened cell membrane of algae.

A

pellicle

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19
Q

“eye spot” a light sensing organelle in algae.

A

stigma

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20
Q

does algae have flagella?

A

yes

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21
Q

most prominent structure of algae.

A

chloroplast

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22
Q

what does chloroplast contain?

A

green pigment called chlorophyll

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23
Q

is green the only pigment found in chloroplast?

A

also contains other photosynthetic pigment that create other colors of red, brown & yellow

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24
Q

examples of microscopic algae.

A

diatoms, dinoflagellates & desmids

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25
Q

location of algae depends on?

A

availability of nutrients, wavelength of
light & surfaces where they can grow

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26
Q

which is more plantlike, algae or protozoa?

A

algae

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27
Q

how does algae produce their energy?

A

photosynthesis

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28
Q

how does photosynthesis work?

A

algae use energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic nutrients from the soil to build cellular material

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29
Q

what does algal cell walls contain?

A

cellulose

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30
Q

algae that does not have cell walls.

A

euglena and volvox

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31
Q

algae that does not have a cell wall containing cellulose.

A

diatoms and dinoflagellates

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32
Q

the body of a multicellular alga (seaweed).

A

thallus/thalli

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33
Q

anchor alga to rock

A

branched holdfast

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34
Q

thallus is made up of?

A

branched holdfast, stemlike and hollow stipes, and leaflike blades

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35
Q

what structure helps thallus carry out photosynthesis?

A

cells covering thallus

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36
Q

thallus lacks what two conductive tissues?

A

xylem and phloem

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37
Q

how does algae absorb nutrients?

A

absorb nutrients from water over entire surface

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38
Q

floating gas-filled bladder.

A

pneumatocyst

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39
Q

buoyed by a floating gas-filled bladder.

A

algae

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40
Q

vegetative structure of algae.

A

thallus/thalli

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41
Q

all algae can reproduce?

A

asexually

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42
Q

what algae can fragment themselves to form a new thallus/filament?

A

multicellular algae with thalli & filamentous forms

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43
Q

some algae can reproduce?

A

sexually

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44
Q

common kinds of planktons

A

cyanobacteria, silica-encased diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, and chalk-coated coccolithophores

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45
Q

macroscopic and may reach lengths of 50m.

A

brown algae/kelp

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46
Q

most are found in coastal water.

A

brown algae/kelp

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47
Q

a thickener used in many food extracted from the cell wall of a type of algae.

A

algin

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48
Q

a thickener used in many food is extracted from the cell wall of a?

A

brown algae/kelp

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49
Q

used to induce vaginal dilation before surgical entry into uterus through vagina.

A

Laminaria japonica

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50
Q

have delicately branched thalli and can live in greater ocean depths than other algae.

A

red algae

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51
Q

the red pigments enable red algae to absorb ____ that penetrates deepest into the ocean.

A

blue light

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52
Q

have cellulose cell walls, contain chlorophyll & store starch as plants do.

A

green algae

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53
Q

most green algae are?

A

microscopic, although they may either be unicellular or multicellular

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54
Q

are tiny, unicellular algae that live in both freshwater and seawater.

A

diatoms

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55
Q

is diatoms unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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56
Q

important members of the phytoplankton.

A

diatoms

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57
Q

what does diatom cell wall contain?

A

silicon dioxide, making their cell walls made of glass

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58
Q

fossilized remains of diatoms.

A

diatomaceous earth

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59
Q

deposits of diatoms are used to make?

A

diatomaceous earth

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60
Q

where is diatomaceous earth used?

A

filtration systems, insulation, and abrasives

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61
Q

are microscopic, unicellular, flagellated, often photosynthetic algae.

A

dinoflagellates

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62
Q

are dinoflagellates unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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63
Q

produce much of the oxygen in our atmosphere and serving as important links in food chains.

A

dinoflagellates

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64
Q

some dinoflagellates produce light and are sometimes referred to as?

A

fire algae

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65
Q

responsible for red tides.

A

dinoflagellates

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66
Q

examples of green algae.

A

desmids, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, and Euglena, all of which can be found in pond water.

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67
Q

unicellular algae, some of which resemble a microscopic banana.

A

desmids

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68
Q

an example of a filamentous alga, often producing long green strands in pond water.

A

spirogyra

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69
Q

unicellular, bi-flagellated alga, containing one chloroplast and a stigma.

A

Chlamydomonas

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70
Q

multicellular alga (sometimes referred to as a colonial alga or colony), consisting of as many as 60,000 interconnected, bi-flagellated cells, arranged to form a hollow sphere.

A

volvox

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71
Q

how does the volvox colony move through water?

A

rolling motion

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72
Q

possesses features present in both algae and protozoa.

A

Euglena

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73
Q

does Euglena contain chloroplasts?

A

yes

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74
Q

protozoan features of Euglena

A

presence of cytostome and the absence of a cell wall

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75
Q

primitive mouth of protozoans.

A

cytostome

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76
Q

possesses a photo sensing organelle called a stigma and a single flagellum. With its stigma, it can sense light; with its flagellum, it
can swim into the light.

A

Euglena

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77
Q

although Euglena has no cell wall, it possesses a?

A

pellicle

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78
Q

function of a pellicle

A

protection

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79
Q

important source of food, iodine and other
minerals, fertilizers, emulsifiers for pudding, and stabilizers for ice cream and salad dressings (algins).

A

algae

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80
Q

used as a gelling agent for jams and nutrient
media for bacterial growth.

A

algae

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81
Q

algae are nearly 50%?

A

oil

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82
Q

because algae are nearly 50% oil, scientists are studying them as a source of?

A

biofuels

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83
Q

agar used as a solidifying agent in laboratory culture media is made up of?

A

complex polysaccharide derived from a red marine alga

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84
Q

overgrowth of motile algae imparting a brilliant red color to the water.

A

red tide

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85
Q

colonies of algae grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds.

A

harmful algal blooms

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86
Q

HABs causes __________ which is marked by severe neurological symptoms and is fatal.

A

paralytic shellfish poisoning

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87
Q

intoxication caused by algal toxins that have accumulated in fish (bass & mackerel).

A

ciguatera

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88
Q

prototheca causes infections to humans called?

A

protothecosis

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89
Q

lives in soil and can enter wounds especially on lower extremities. if organism enters lymphatics, it can lead to fatal infection.

A

prototheca

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90
Q

are eukaryotic organisms that together with algae are classified in the kingdom protista.

A

protozoa

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91
Q

the protozoa include about how many species?

A

65,000

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92
Q

most members are harmless inhabitants of the water and soil.

A

protozoa

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93
Q

most protozoa are unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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94
Q

size of protozoa ranges from?

A

3-2,000 micrometer

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95
Q

which is more animal like: protozoa or algae?

A

protozoa

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96
Q

study of protozoa.

A

protozoology

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97
Q

the person who studies protozoa.

A

protozoologist

98
Q

does protozoa have chloroplasts?

A

no

99
Q

single cells containing all major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplasts.

A

protozoa

100
Q

organelles of protozoa can be highly specialized into structures analogous to?

A

mouths, digestive system, reproductive tracts, and legs (means of locomotion)

101
Q

cytoplasm is divided into two layers in protozoa, name them.

A

ectoplasm and endoplasm

102
Q

layer of cytoplasm that is a clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection.

A

ectoplasm

103
Q

layer of cytoplasm that is the granular inner region that houses nucleus, mitochondria, and contractile vacuole.

A

endoplasm

104
Q

does protozoa have cell walls?

A

no

105
Q

flexible, cell shape can remain constant as in ciliates or change constantly as in amoebas.

A

protozoa

106
Q

some protozoans possesses?

A

pellicle, cytostomes, contractile vacuole, pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella

107
Q

common pond water ciliates

A

paramecium

108
Q

paramecium possesses both?

A

pellicle and cytostome

109
Q

organelle that pumps water out of the cell.

A

contractile vacuole

110
Q

heterotrophic species that scavenge dead plant or animal debris, graze on live cells of bacteria and algae, and some absorb food directly through cell membrane.

A

free-living species

111
Q

heterotrophic species that live on fluids of the host such as plasma and digestive juices, may actively feed on tissues, many parasitic protozoa are pathogens causing malaria, giardiasis, African sleeping sickness and amoebic dysentery.

A

parasitic species

112
Q

limiting factor of protozoan habitat.

A

availability of moisture

113
Q

predominant habitats of protozoa.

A

fresh and marine water, soil, plants, animals, and extreme temperature and pH is not barrier to their existence

114
Q

example of a protozoa that coexist with their host animal in a mutualistic relationship.

A

termite and its intestinal protozoa

115
Q

three styles of locomotion in protozoa.

A

pseudopods, flagella, and cilia

116
Q

false feet

A

pseudopods

117
Q

blunt, branched or long & pointed.

A

pseudopods

118
Q

flowing action of pseudopods results in?

A

amoeboid motion

119
Q

also serve as feeding structures for amoebas.

A

pseudopods

120
Q

also serve as feeding structures for Amoebas, they surround particle with pseudopodia, which then fuse together (phagocytosis).

A

true

121
Q

vary in number from one to several.

A

flagella

122
Q

exhibit a wavelike motion.

A

flagella

123
Q

in some species, flagella is attached along the length of cell by an extension of cytoplasmic membrane called?

A

undulating membrane

124
Q

hair-like projections distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic pattern.

A

cilia

125
Q

exhibit an oarlike motion.

A

cilia

126
Q

most complex and diverse cell because of the tremendous variety in arrangements and functions.

A

ciliates

127
Q

in certain protozoa, it lines anal groove & function in feeding.

A

cilia

128
Q

in others, they fuse together to form stiff props that serve as primitive rows of walking legs.

A

cilia

129
Q

motile, feeding, dividing stage of protozoa.

A

trophozoite

130
Q

formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding (like bacterial spores).

A

cyst

130
Q

dormant, resting, survival stage of protozoa.

A

cyst

130
Q

requires ample food and moisture to remain active.

A

trophozoite

131
Q

during encystment, what happens to the trophozoite?

A

it rounds up into a sphere, while the ectoplasm secretes a tough, thick cuticle around cell membrane.

132
Q

stage of protozoa that is more resistant to heat, drying & chemical.

A

cyst

133
Q

if moisture is present, what happens to protozoan cyst?

A

cyst breaks open and releases active trophozoite.

134
Q

can be dispersed by air current which is an important factor in spread of disease.

A

cyst

135
Q

how can the cyst and trophozoite form of protozoa be identified?

A

ova and parasite testing of patient stool sample

136
Q

O&P testing combined with immunology-based test used for disease diagnosis in cases of?

A

giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis

137
Q

parasitic protozoa that are pathogens causing?

A

malaria, giardiasis, african sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery

138
Q

do all protozoa become a cyst?

A

no, some protozoa groups exist only in trophozoite state

139
Q

how can trichomonas vaginalis be transmitted if it does not form a cyst?

A

intimate contact between sexual partners

140
Q

how can cryptosporidium and giardia lamblia be transmitted if they form a cyst?

A

contaminated water or food

141
Q

what type of reproduction method does protozoa use?

A

simple, asexual methods, usually mitosis

142
Q

how does malaria and toxoplasmosis reproduce?

A

multiple fission or schizogony

143
Q

how does sexual reproduction in ciliates occur?

A

conjugation

144
Q

form of genetic exchange between two cells
wherein they exchange micronuclei giving rise to new & different genetic combination.

A

conjugation

145
Q

classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) how do they reproduce?

A

sexual reproduction by syngamy

146
Q

division by longitudinal fission.

A

syngamy

147
Q

classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) what do they form and are they free-living or parasitic?

A

they form cyst and are free-living

148
Q

includes Trichomonas vaginalis
(Trichomoniasis), Giardia lamblia
(Gardiasis), Trypanosoma cruzi (Changas
disease), Trypanosoma brucei (African
Sleeping Sickness)

A

uses flagella to move

149
Q

classification of selected protozoa: (those that use flagella to move) how many nucleus do they possess?

A

single nucleus

150
Q

those protozoa using amoeboid motion are primarily?

A

amoeba

151
Q

what do those protozoa that use amoeboid motion to move use for locomotion?

A

pseudopods

152
Q

those protozoa that use amoeboid motion to move, how do they reproduce?

A

asexual reproduction by fission

153
Q

are most amoebas infectious and are they free-living

A

they are free-living and not infectious

154
Q

protozoa that uses amoeboid motion that causes amoebiasis.

A

entamoeba histolytica

155
Q

trophozoites are motile due to?

A

cilia

156
Q

those protozoa that uses cilia to move mostly develop into?

A

cysts

157
Q

what types of nuclei do protozoa that use cilia to move have?

A

macronuclei and micronuclei

158
Q

how do those protozoa use cilia to move reproduce?

A

division by transverse fission

159
Q

those protozoa using cilia to move are usually parasitic and harmful?

A

free-living and harmless

160
Q

out of all the classification of selected protozoa, which is the most complex?

A

those protozoa that uses cilia to move

161
Q

only ciliated protozoa causing disease in humans.

A

Balantidium coli

162
Q

what does Balantidium coli cause in humans?

A

dysentery

163
Q

examples of pond water ciliates

A

paramecium, stentor, and blepharisma

164
Q

protozoa that have no motility are called?

A

sporozoa

165
Q

protozoa that is not motile are?

A

parasitic

166
Q

the most important sporozoan pathogen that causes malaria.

A

Plasmodium

167
Q

sporozoa produce spores like cells of
_______ which also exhibit unique form of
gliding motility.

A

sporozoites

168
Q

sporozoa produce spores like cells of
sporozoites which also exhibit unique form of
_____________.

A

gliding motility

169
Q

Most sporozoan forms thick-walled zygotes
called?

A

oocysts

170
Q

example of protozoa that is not motile.

A

Taxoplasma gondii (taxoplasmosis)

171
Q

considerations in identifying protozoa.

A

shape and size of cell, type, number, and distribution of locomotor structures, presence of special organelles or cysts, and number of nuclei

172
Q

how can protozoa be identified using cultivation?

A

blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, fecal, or vaginal specimens smeared on a slide w/ or w/o staining

173
Q

study of protozoa and helminths.

A

parasitology

174
Q

term most often used to denote protozoan
and helminth pathogens.

A

parasite

175
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

African sleeping sickness

176
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagas disease

177
Q

both found in the blood during infection.

A

Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi

178
Q

how are trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?

A

blood-sucking vectors

179
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

giardiasis (intestinal distress)

180
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

trichomoniasis (vaginal symptoms)

181
Q

Leishmania donovani, L. tropica, L. brasiliensis

A

leishmaniasis (either skin lesions or widespread involvement of internal organs)

182
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

cryptosporidiosis (intestinal and other symptoms)

183
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

A

cyclosporiasis (intestinal and other symptoms)

184
Q

Naegleria, Acanthamoeba

A

Brain infection

185
Q

give three parasitic helminths.

A

tapeworms, flukes, roundworms

186
Q

are parasitic helminths large?

A

usually large enough to be seen with the naked eye

187
Q

roundworm size

A

more than 1 mm

188
Q

longest tapeworm size

A

25m

189
Q

parasitic helminths are considered microorganisms because?

A

microscope is needed to identify their eggs & larvae.

190
Q

thin segmented body plan, dorsoventrally flattened.

A

flatworms (phylum platyhelminthes)

191
Q

long, cylindrical, unsegmented body.

A

roundworms (phylum aschelminthes/nematodes)

192
Q

2 major groups of parasitic helminths based on body type.

A

flatworms, roundworms

193
Q

2 subdivisions of flatworms

A

cestodes/tapeworms, and trematodes/flukes

194
Q

long, ribbon-like arrangement and dorsoventrally flattened.

A

cestodes/tapeworms

195
Q

flat, oval bodies, leaf-shaped with ventral and oral sucker.

A

trematodes/flukes

196
Q

are all flatworms and roundworms parasitic?

A

not all flatworms and roundworms are parasites by nature; many live free in soil
and water

197
Q

most disease-causing helminths spend part of their lives in the?

A

gastrointestinal tract

198
Q

cylindrical and tapered at each end.

A

nematodes/roundworms

199
Q

have a complete digestive system consisting of a mouth, intestine and anus.

A

nematodes/roundworms

200
Q

in nematodes, which is smaller: male or females?

A

male

201
Q

what mating structure do nematodes/roundworms possess?

A

one or two hardened spicules on posterior ends

202
Q

common causes of chronic infectious diseases.

A

intestinal roundworms (ascaris, hookworms, and whipworms)

203
Q

are worms unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular with some organs and organ systems

204
Q

what part is the most developed part in worms?

A

reproductive tract

205
Q

what do most worms have for protection?

A

thick cuticles

206
Q

structure of worms

A

primitive digestive, excretory, nervous, and muscular systems

207
Q

reproduction is so dominant that the worms are reduced to little more than a series of flattened sacs filled with ovaries, testes, and eggs.

A

cestodes

208
Q

what do worms use for breaking down the host’s tissue?

A

mouth glands

209
Q

complete life cycle of helminths.

A

fertilized egg (embryo), larval and adult stage

210
Q

majority of helminths derive nutrients and reproduce _____ in the host’s body.

A

sexually

211
Q

sexes are separate & have different morphologies.

A

nematodes

212
Q

sexes can either be separate or hermaphroditic.

A

trematodes

213
Q

male and female sex organs in the same worm.

A

hermaphroditic

214
Q

helminths that are generally hermaphroditic.

A

cestodes

215
Q

three types of host in the general life cycle of helminths.

A

intermediate (secondary) host, definitive (final) host, and transport host

216
Q

the host in which larval development occurs.

A

intermediate (secondary) host

217
Q

host in which adulthood and mating occur.

A

definitive (final) host

218
Q

is an intermediate host that experiences no
parasitic development but is an essential link in the completion of the cycle.

A

transport host

219
Q

sources for human infection:

A

food, soil, water, and infected animals

220
Q

routes of infection:

A

oral intake or penetration of unbroken skin

221
Q

definitive hosts for many species and the sole biological reservoir for about half of the diseases.

A

humans

222
Q

Intestinal nematodes that are infective in egg (embryo) stage.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides (ascariasis), and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

223
Q

Intestinal nematode infective in larval stage.

A

Trichinella spiralis (trichina worm)

224
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

river blindness

225
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

A

guinea worm

226
Q

example of flatworm trematode

A

Schistosoma japonicum (blood fluke)

227
Q

examples of flatworm cestodes

A

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)

228
Q

causes a very common infestation of the large intestine.

A

Enterobius vermicularis

229
Q

size of Enterobius vermicularis

A

2 to 12 mm long

230
Q

tapered, curved cylinder shape.

A

Enterobius vermicularis

231
Q

what infection does Enterobius vermicularis cause?

A

enterobiasis

232
Q

simple, uncomplicated infection that does not spread beyond the intestine.

A

enterobiasis

233
Q

classifications of helminths.

A

shape, size, degree of development of organs, presence of hooks, suckers, other special structures, mode of reproduction, kinds of hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae

234
Q

how many helminths parasitize humans?

A

about 50 species

235
Q

in what areas does helminths have a higher incidence?

A

tropical areas

236
Q

estimated number of helminthic infections that occurred in north america.

A

50 million

237
Q

absence of helminth infections may contribute to?

A

autoimmunity and allergy

238
Q

are protozoa autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

may either be both

Microbiology And Parasitology (3 decks)

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