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BIO 120.01 > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Identification

What are the 2 theories that explain the origin of eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Membrane Infolding Theory
  2. Endosymbiosis Theory
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2
Q

Explain

What is the Membrane Infolding Theory? How did the theory take place?

A

Nucleus and Endomembrane System evolved from the infoldings of the cell membrane.
1. Cell Infolds
2. Cell has more surface area (aka more space for activity)
3. Infolds went further in cytoplasm, enveloping DNA
4. Became nucleus and ER

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3
Q

Identification

Which organelles are a result of Membrane Infolding Theory?

A

Nucleus, Endomembrane System

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4
Q

Identification

Which organelles are a result of Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts

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5
Q

Explain

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory? How did the theory take place?

A

Large prok swallowed small prok, and they became dependent on each other

  • Host gives protection
  • Smaller gives nutrients & energy
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6
Q

Identification

According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, what prokaryotes did the 2 organelles originate from?

A
  • Aerobic heterotrophic prok → Mitochondria
  • Photosynthetic prok → Chloroplasts
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7
Q

Explain

What are examples of observations that are evidence endosymbiosis?

(2)

A

Mitochondria & Choroplasts have different DNA from nucleus
* like how a free-living prokaryote would have its own DNA

Double membrane w/ outer membrane from host cell & inner membrane from smaller prok
* looks like how prokaryotes get engulfed by host cell

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8
Q

What eukaryote was discussed that has organelles that resemble a prokaryotic cell?
What organelles were similar to what organisms?

Format: organelle is similar to organism

A

Cyanophora paradoxa
* photosynthetic organelle is like cyanobacterium
* Mitochondrion is like aerobic bacteria

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9
Q

List

What are the parts of Eukaryotic Cell?

18 total

A

Basic Parts
2. Nucleus (Nuclear membrane, Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus, Chromatin)
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane
4. Ribosomes
5. Cytoskeleton
6. Cell Wall (Eukaryotic)

Organelles
7. Mitochondrion
8. Hydrogenosome
9. Plastids
10. Chloroplast

Endomembrane System
10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth, Rough)
11. Golgi Apparatus
12. Lysosomes
13. Peroxisomes
14. Vacuoles

External Locomotory Structures
15. Flagella (Eukaryotic)
16. Cillia
17. Pseudopods

Basic: NCCRCC
Organelles: MHPC
Endomembrane: EGLPV
Locomotion: FCP

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10
Q

List

What are the parts of the nucleus?

A
  1. Nuclear Membrane/Nuclear Envelope
  2. Nucleoplasm
  3. Nucleolus
  4. Chromatin
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11
Q

Identification

  • Regulates entry & exit of molecules
  • Also Binds nucleus, Compartmentalizes & protects cell’s genetic material
A

Nuclear Membrane/Nuclear Envelope

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12
Q

Identification

  • membrane-bound fluid
  • supports the nucleolus and chromatin
A

Nucleoplasm

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13
Q

Identification

  • In nucleus
  • Production site of ribosomal components (rRNA and proteins)
A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

Identification

  • In nucleus
  • Definition: Linear DNA wrapped around histone proteins
  • Fibers
  • Function: How genetic material is organized
    Extra info: During cell division, they aggregate into chromosomes
A

Chromatin

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15
Q

Identification

  • In nucleus
  • Definition: Gelatinous matrix
  • Function: Site of metabolic activities, Suspends intracellular contents
A

Nucleoplasm

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16
Q

Identification

  • Defn: Fluid-mosaic structure
  • Function: Regulates entry and exit of materials
  • Embedded sterols increase rigidity
A

Cell Membrane

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17
Q

T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]

Both eukaryotes and prokarytoes do cell respiration in the mitochondria.

A

False

prokaryotes do cell respiration & energy conservation in cell membrane

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18
Q

Explain

What are the similarities/differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes?

A

Similarities: Fluid-mosaic structure that regulates entry & exit of materials
Differences: Eukaryotic cell membrane is not a site for respiration & energy conservation

In eukaryotes, this happens in the mitochondria.

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19
Q

Identification

Chemical embedded in cell membrane, increases rigidity

A

Sterols

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20
Q

Identification

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic & eukaryotic ribosomes?

Hint: S

A

Protein subunits
* Eukaryotes: 60S (Large) & 40S (Small)
* Prokaryotes: 50S (Large) & 30S (Small)

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22
Q

Identification

  • Network of protein fibers within the cell composed of microtubules and microfilaments
  • Functions in cell shape, movement, division, communication, growth and differentiation,
    and organelle transfer
A

Cytoskeleton

protein fibers = skeleton

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23
Q

List

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? Give at least 2.

(i don’t think you need to know all of this)

A
  • Cell shape
  • Cell movement
  • Cell division
  • Cell communication
  • Cell growth and differentiation
  • Organelle transfer
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24
Q

Fill in the blank.

Because of the increased complexity of eukaryotic cells, their cytoskeleton network are [more/less] intricate and serve [more/less] function than their prokaryotic counterparts.

A

more, more

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25
Q

Identification

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

microtubules and microfilaments

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26
Q

Identification

Function: Structure and support, rigidity and protection

A

Cell Wall

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27
Q

Identification

What are the cell wall compositions of different eukaryotes?

3 eukaryotes

A

Plants: cellulose
Algae: cellulose & similar polysaccharides
Fungi: chitin & cellulose (early fungi)

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28
Q

List

What are the organelles?

3/4

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Hydrogenosome
  3. Plastid
    Bonus: Chloroplast (kind of plastid)
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29
Q

Identification

Site of cellular respiration & ATP production in aerobic organisms

A

Mitochondria

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30
Q

Fill in the blank

Mitochondria has a ____ membrane

A

double

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31
Q

Explain

What is the difference between the mitochondria’s outer and inner membrane?

A

Outer is more permeable than inner

32
Q

Identification

Infolding of inner membrane in mitochondria

A

Cristae

33
Q

Identification

  • Contains enzymes for respiration and ATP production
  • Fluid matrix
  • Citric Acid Cycle, ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

Be more specific

A

Mitochondria: Inner Membrane

34
Q

Explain

What are the similarities/differences between ATP Production in aerobic vs anaerobic organisms?

4

A

Aerobic vs anaerobic
1. cell respiration vs metabolic fermentation
2. done in mitochondria vs hydrogenosome
3. has cristae vs no cristae
4. has enzymes for citric acid cycle vs no enzymes

Both have double membrane

35
Q

Identification

  • ATP Production for anaerobic organisms
  • evolved from mitochondria
  • no cristae in inner membrane
A

Hydrogenosome

36
Q

Explain

How do hydrogenosomes produce ATP

A

breaks down pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate

37
Q

T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]

The mitochondria evolved from the hydrogenosome

A

False
* hydrogenosome evolved from mitochondria
* lost mitochondrial DNA and capability for cell respiration during its evolution

38
Q

T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]

The mitochondria evolved from the hydrogenosome

A

False
* hydrogenosome evolved from mitochondria
Extra: lost mitochondrial DNA and capability for cell respiration during its evolution

39
Q

Identification

Functions in photosynthesis and storage

A

Plastids

40
Q

T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]

The chromoplast is a kind of plastid that stores pigment

A

True

41
Q

List

Kinds of plastids & functions

A
  1. Chloroplast: photosynthesis
  2. Amyloplast: starch storage
  3. Chromoplast: pigment storage
42
Q

Can you find chloroplasts in animal cells?

A

No

only plant & algal cells

43
Q

Identification

  • Site of photosynthesis (plant & algal cells)
  • Double membrane
  • Technically, third membrane form thylakoid discs where chlorophyll is embedded
  • Stroma: fluid surrounding thylakoid discs within inner membrane
A

Chloroplast

44
Q

Identification

“Third Membrane”, has chlorophyll

A

Thylakoid Discs

45
Q

Identification

fluid surrounding thylakoid discs within inner membrane

A

Stroma

46
Q

List

What are the parts of the Endomembrane System?

5

A
  1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth, Rough)
  2. Golgi Apparatus
  3. Lysosomes (Vesicle)
  4. Peroxisomes (Vesicle)
  5. Vacuoles
47
Q

Identification

Network of interconnected membranes that extend from nuclear envelop, composed of layers

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

48
Q

Identification

layers of interconnected Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Cisternae

49
Q

T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]

Cristae are the layers found in Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

False

Cristae = Mitochondria, Cisternae = Golgi Apparatus, ER

50
Q

Explain

What is the difference between rough and smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

[Rough vs Smooth]
1. Has ribosomes on membrane vs none
1. protein synthesis, synthesis of membrane material vs lipid synthesis & carbohydrate metabolism

51
Q

Identification

  • Layers of separated membranes (cisternae)
  • Products from the ER (lipids and proteins) are modified, packaged and secreted
  • Stores proteins, sugars, and enzymes in vesicles for use within the cell
A

Golgi Apparatus

52
Q

Explain

What is the difference between ER and Golgi Apparatus?

A

Cisternae
(ER: interconnected, Golgi: separate)

53
Q

Identification

  • Membraneous sacs with hydrolytic enzymes
  • Digests food particles & old intracellular materials
  • Found in animal & animal-like cells
A

Lysosomes

54
Q

Fill in the blank

____ digest food particles & old intracellular cells in animal & animal-like cells, while
____ digest food particles & old intracellular cells in fungi & plant cells

A

Lysosomes
Lytic Vacuoles

55
Q

Explain

How do lysosomes digest?

A
  1. Endocytosis: Cell engulfs food particle into food vacuole
  2. Lysosome fuses with food vacuole
  3. Digestive enzymes breakdown macromolecules for biosynthesis and energy generation
  4. Exocytosis: Waste material is excreted
56
Q

Identification

  • Found only in animal cells
  • Membranous sacs that contain oxidative enzymes
  • Oxidize fatty acids and amino acids
  • Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide via catalase into H2 and H2O
  • Special ____: carbon recycling during photorespiration
A

Peroxisomes

57
Q

T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]

You cannot find peroxisomes in plant cells.

A

True

is this correct??? the handout says yes, but the video says special peroxisomes do carbon recycling thru photorespiration

58
Q

Identification

  • Storage sacs of cell, takes up to 90% of volume of a mature cell
  • Contains cell sap (salts, sugars, amino acids)
  • Storage of fats, starch, glycogen
  • Central ____ have water to maintain turgor pressure in plants
  • Lytic ____: help breakdown & digestion of organelles in plants & fungi
A

Vacuoles

59
Q

List

Give examples of the kinds of vacuoles & their function

2

A
  • Central Vacuole: have water to maintain turgor pressure in plants
  • Lytic Vacuole: help breakdown & digestion of organelles in plants & fungi
60
Q

Identification

  • Fluid in vacuole
  • Composed of salts, sugars, amino acids
  • Stores fats, starch, glycogen
A

Cell Sap

61
Q

T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]

In plants, the central vacuole does not have water to maintain turgor pressure.

A

False

It does have water.

62
Q

Identification

Vacuole that has water to maintain turgor pressure in plants

A

Central Vacuole

63
Q

Identification

Vacuole that helps breakdown & digestion of organelles in plants & fungi

A

Lytic Vacuole

64
Q

List

What are the external locomotory structures?

3

A
  1. Flagella
  2. Cilia
  3. Pseudopods
65
Q

Identification

  • Functions in motility
  • Larger and more complex than prokaryotic version)
  • Made of protein subunits called tubulin
  • Moves in a whip-like motion (prokaryotic version move in a rotating hook motion)
  • Found in algae, protozoa, early fungi, and the sperm cells of animals and some plants
A

Flagella

66
Q

Fill in the blank

Eukaryotic flagella move in a ____ motion, while
Prokaryotic flagella move in a ____ motion

A

whip-like
rotating hook

67
Q

Identification

  • Made of tubulin like flagella
  • Shorter and more numerous
  • In protozoa: coordinated beating for faster movement
  • In animals: lines the trachea, helps trap and expel foreign materials
A

Cilia

68
Q

T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]

Both cilia and flagella are made of tubulin

A

True

69
Q

Identification

  • Temporary projections of the cell membrane produced by cytoplasmic streaming
  • Streaming produces slow inching movement
  • In protozoa: used for motility and feeding
  • In animals: macrophages (immune cells) use pseudopods to capture invading cells
A

Pseudopods

70
Q

Identification

What were the two Kingdoms discussed under Domain Eukarya

A

Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protista

71
Q

Identification

  • Kingdom
  • Multicellular (mushroom & molds) or unicellular (yeast)
  • heterotrophs/decomposers (because of no photosynthetic pigments)
  • Nonmotile
  • Cells w/ chitinous (most) or cellulosic (early fungi) cell walls
A

Kingdom Fungi

72
Q

Identification

  • “Sock drawer” of Domain Eukarya
  • Organisms that don’t belong anywhere else
A

Kingdom Protista

73
Q

List

Kinds of protists

A

Protozoa: animal-like
Algae: plant-like
Slime molds: fungi-like

74
Q

List

How are protozoans like animals?
How are they not like animals?

2, 1

A

Animal-like
* Capable of movement
* No cell walls

Not animals
* unicellular/colonial (animals are always multicellular)

75
Q

List

How are algae like plants?
How are they not like plants?

2, 2

A

Plant-like
* Photosynthetic autotrophs
* Cells with cellulosic cell walls, or similar polysacharides

Not plants
* Unicellular/colonial/multicellular (plants are multicellular ONLY)
* Some are motile (plants are nonmotile)

76
Q

List

How are slime molds like fungi?
How are they not like fungi?

1, 2

A

Fungi-like
* Produce sporangia (fruiting bodies that layer spores for reproduction)

Not fungi
* Sporangia have cellulosic cell walls (Fungi has chitin)
* Unicellular amoeboids, motile; then they come together to produce sporangia if environment is hostile (Fungi have a different life cycle)

BIO 120.01 (12 decks)

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