Eukaryotes Flashcards
Identification
What are the 2 theories that explain the origin of eukaryotic cells?
- Membrane Infolding Theory
- Endosymbiosis Theory
Explain
What is the Membrane Infolding Theory? How did the theory take place?
Nucleus and Endomembrane System evolved from the infoldings of the cell membrane.
1. Cell Infolds
2. Cell has more surface area (aka more space for activity)
3. Infolds went further in cytoplasm, enveloping DNA
4. Became nucleus and ER
Identification
Which organelles are a result of Membrane Infolding Theory?
Nucleus, Endomembrane System
Identification
Which organelles are a result of Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts
Explain
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory? How did the theory take place?
Large prok swallowed small prok, and they became dependent on each other
- Host gives protection
- Smaller gives nutrients & energy
Identification
According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, what prokaryotes did the 2 organelles originate from?
- Aerobic heterotrophic prok → Mitochondria
- Photosynthetic prok → Chloroplasts
Explain
What are examples of observations that are evidence endosymbiosis?
(2)
Mitochondria & Choroplasts have different DNA from nucleus
* like how a free-living prokaryote would have its own DNA
Double membrane w/ outer membrane from host cell & inner membrane from smaller prok
* looks like how prokaryotes get engulfed by host cell
What eukaryote was discussed that has organelles that resemble a prokaryotic cell?
What organelles were similar to what organisms?
Format: organelle is similar to organism
Cyanophora paradoxa
* photosynthetic organelle is like cyanobacterium
* Mitochondrion is like aerobic bacteria
List
What are the parts of Eukaryotic Cell?
18 total
Basic Parts
2. Nucleus (Nuclear membrane, Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus, Chromatin)
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane
4. Ribosomes
5. Cytoskeleton
6. Cell Wall (Eukaryotic)
Organelles
7. Mitochondrion
8. Hydrogenosome
9. Plastids
10. Chloroplast
Endomembrane System
10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth, Rough)
11. Golgi Apparatus
12. Lysosomes
13. Peroxisomes
14. Vacuoles
External Locomotory Structures
15. Flagella (Eukaryotic)
16. Cillia
17. Pseudopods
Basic: NCCRCC
Organelles: MHPC
Endomembrane: EGLPV
Locomotion: FCP
List
What are the parts of the nucleus?
- Nuclear Membrane/Nuclear Envelope
- Nucleoplasm
- Nucleolus
- Chromatin
Identification
- Regulates entry & exit of molecules
- Also Binds nucleus, Compartmentalizes & protects cell’s genetic material
Nuclear Membrane/Nuclear Envelope
Identification
- membrane-bound fluid
- supports the nucleolus and chromatin
Nucleoplasm
Identification
- In nucleus
- Production site of ribosomal components (rRNA and proteins)
Nucleolus
Identification
- In nucleus
- Definition: Linear DNA wrapped around histone proteins
- Fibers
- Function: How genetic material is organized
Extra info: During cell division, they aggregate into chromosomes
Chromatin
Identification
- In nucleus
- Definition: Gelatinous matrix
- Function: Site of metabolic activities, Suspends intracellular contents
Nucleoplasm
Identification
- Defn: Fluid-mosaic structure
- Function: Regulates entry and exit of materials
- Embedded sterols increase rigidity
Cell Membrane
T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]
Both eukaryotes and prokarytoes do cell respiration in the mitochondria.
False
prokaryotes do cell respiration & energy conservation in cell membrane
Explain
What are the similarities/differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes?
Similarities: Fluid-mosaic structure that regulates entry & exit of materials
Differences: Eukaryotic cell membrane is not a site for respiration & energy conservation
In eukaryotes, this happens in the mitochondria.
Identification
Chemical embedded in cell membrane, increases rigidity
Sterols
Identification
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
What is the difference between prokaryotic & eukaryotic ribosomes?
Hint: S
Protein subunits
* Eukaryotes: 60S (Large) & 40S (Small)
* Prokaryotes: 50S (Large) & 30S (Small)
Identification
- Network of protein fibers within the cell composed of microtubules and microfilaments
- Functions in cell shape, movement, division, communication, growth and differentiation,
and organelle transfer
Cytoskeleton
protein fibers = skeleton
List
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? Give at least 2.
(i don’t think you need to know all of this)
- Cell shape
- Cell movement
- Cell division
- Cell communication
- Cell growth and differentiation
- Organelle transfer
Fill in the blank.
Because of the increased complexity of eukaryotic cells, their cytoskeleton network are [more/less] intricate and serve [more/less] function than their prokaryotic counterparts.
more, more
Identification
What is the cytoskeleton composed of?
microtubules and microfilaments
Identification
Function: Structure and support, rigidity and protection
Cell Wall
Identification
What are the cell wall compositions of different eukaryotes?
3 eukaryotes
Plants: cellulose
Algae: cellulose & similar polysaccharides
Fungi: chitin & cellulose (early fungi)
List
What are the organelles?
3/4
- Mitochondria
- Hydrogenosome
- Plastid
Bonus: Chloroplast (kind of plastid)
Identification
Site of cellular respiration & ATP production in aerobic organisms
Mitochondria
Fill in the blank
Mitochondria has a ____ membrane
double
Explain
What is the difference between the mitochondria’s outer and inner membrane?
Outer is more permeable than inner
Identification
Infolding of inner membrane in mitochondria
Cristae
Identification
- Contains enzymes for respiration and ATP production
- Fluid matrix
- Citric Acid Cycle, ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
Be more specific
Mitochondria: Inner Membrane
Explain
What are the similarities/differences between ATP Production in aerobic vs anaerobic organisms?
4
Aerobic vs anaerobic
1. cell respiration vs metabolic fermentation
2. done in mitochondria vs hydrogenosome
3. has cristae vs no cristae
4. has enzymes for citric acid cycle vs no enzymes
Both have double membrane
Identification
- ATP Production for anaerobic organisms
- evolved from mitochondria
- no cristae in inner membrane
Hydrogenosome
Explain
How do hydrogenosomes produce ATP
breaks down pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate
T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]
The mitochondria evolved from the hydrogenosome
False
* hydrogenosome evolved from mitochondria
* lost mitochondrial DNA and capability for cell respiration during its evolution
T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]
The mitochondria evolved from the hydrogenosome
False
* hydrogenosome evolved from mitochondria
Extra: lost mitochondrial DNA and capability for cell respiration during its evolution
Identification
Functions in photosynthesis and storage
Plastids
T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]
The chromoplast is a kind of plastid that stores pigment
True
List
Kinds of plastids & functions
- Chloroplast: photosynthesis
- Amyloplast: starch storage
- Chromoplast: pigment storage
Can you find chloroplasts in animal cells?
No
only plant & algal cells
Identification
- Site of photosynthesis (plant & algal cells)
- Double membrane
- Technically, third membrane form thylakoid discs where chlorophyll is embedded
- Stroma: fluid surrounding thylakoid discs within inner membrane
Chloroplast
Identification
“Third Membrane”, has chlorophyll
Thylakoid Discs
Identification
fluid surrounding thylakoid discs within inner membrane
Stroma
List
What are the parts of the Endomembrane System?
5
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth, Rough)
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes (Vesicle)
- Peroxisomes (Vesicle)
- Vacuoles
Identification
Network of interconnected membranes that extend from nuclear envelop, composed of layers
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Identification
layers of interconnected Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cisternae
T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]
Cristae are the layers found in Endoplasmic Reticulum
False
Cristae = Mitochondria, Cisternae = Golgi Apparatus, ER
Explain
What is the difference between rough and smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
[Rough vs Smooth]
1. Has ribosomes on membrane vs none
1. protein synthesis, synthesis of membrane material vs lipid synthesis & carbohydrate metabolism
Identification
- Layers of separated membranes (cisternae)
- Products from the ER (lipids and proteins) are modified, packaged and secreted
- Stores proteins, sugars, and enzymes in vesicles for use within the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Explain
What is the difference between ER and Golgi Apparatus?
Cisternae
(ER: interconnected, Golgi: separate)
Identification
- Membraneous sacs with hydrolytic enzymes
- Digests food particles & old intracellular materials
- Found in animal & animal-like cells
Lysosomes
Fill in the blank
____ digest food particles & old intracellular cells in animal & animal-like cells, while
____ digest food particles & old intracellular cells in fungi & plant cells
Lysosomes
Lytic Vacuoles
Explain
How do lysosomes digest?
- Endocytosis: Cell engulfs food particle into food vacuole
- Lysosome fuses with food vacuole
- Digestive enzymes breakdown macromolecules for biosynthesis and energy generation
- Exocytosis: Waste material is excreted
Identification
- Found only in animal cells
- Membranous sacs that contain oxidative enzymes
- Oxidize fatty acids and amino acids
- Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide via catalase into H2 and H2O
- Special ____: carbon recycling during photorespiration
Peroxisomes
T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]
You cannot find peroxisomes in plant cells.
True
is this correct??? the handout says yes, but the video says special peroxisomes do carbon recycling thru photorespiration
Identification
- Storage sacs of cell, takes up to 90% of volume of a mature cell
- Contains cell sap (salts, sugars, amino acids)
- Storage of fats, starch, glycogen
- Central ____ have water to maintain turgor pressure in plants
- Lytic ____: help breakdown & digestion of organelles in plants & fungi
Vacuoles
List
Give examples of the kinds of vacuoles & their function
2
- Central Vacuole: have water to maintain turgor pressure in plants
- Lytic Vacuole: help breakdown & digestion of organelles in plants & fungi
Identification
- Fluid in vacuole
- Composed of salts, sugars, amino acids
- Stores fats, starch, glycogen
Cell Sap
T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]
In plants, the central vacuole does not have water to maintain turgor pressure.
False
It does have water.
Identification
Vacuole that has water to maintain turgor pressure in plants
Central Vacuole
Identification
Vacuole that helps breakdown & digestion of organelles in plants & fungi
Lytic Vacuole
List
What are the external locomotory structures?
3
- Flagella
- Cilia
- Pseudopods
Identification
- Functions in motility
- Larger and more complex than prokaryotic version)
- Made of protein subunits called tubulin
- Moves in a whip-like motion (prokaryotic version move in a rotating hook motion)
- Found in algae, protozoa, early fungi, and the sperm cells of animals and some plants
Flagella
Fill in the blank
Eukaryotic flagella move in a ____ motion, while
Prokaryotic flagella move in a ____ motion
whip-like
rotating hook
Identification
- Made of tubulin like flagella
- Shorter and more numerous
- In protozoa: coordinated beating for faster movement
- In animals: lines the trachea, helps trap and expel foreign materials
Cilia
T/F [Bonus: If false, what is wrong?]
Both cilia and flagella are made of tubulin
True
Identification
- Temporary projections of the cell membrane produced by cytoplasmic streaming
- Streaming produces slow inching movement
- In protozoa: used for motility and feeding
- In animals: macrophages (immune cells) use pseudopods to capture invading cells
Pseudopods
Identification
What were the two Kingdoms discussed under Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protista
Identification
- Kingdom
- Multicellular (mushroom & molds) or unicellular (yeast)
- heterotrophs/decomposers (because of no photosynthetic pigments)
- Nonmotile
- Cells w/ chitinous (most) or cellulosic (early fungi) cell walls
Kingdom Fungi
Identification
- “Sock drawer” of Domain Eukarya
- Organisms that don’t belong anywhere else
Kingdom Protista
List
Kinds of protists
Protozoa: animal-like
Algae: plant-like
Slime molds: fungi-like
List
How are protozoans like animals?
How are they not like animals?
2, 1
Animal-like
* Capable of movement
* No cell walls
Not animals
* unicellular/colonial (animals are always multicellular)
List
How are algae like plants?
How are they not like plants?
2, 2
Plant-like
* Photosynthetic autotrophs
* Cells with cellulosic cell walls, or similar polysacharides
Not plants
* Unicellular/colonial/multicellular (plants are multicellular ONLY)
* Some are motile (plants are nonmotile)
List
How are slime molds like fungi?
How are they not like fungi?
1, 2
Fungi-like
* Produce sporangia (fruiting bodies that layer spores for reproduction)
Not fungi
* Sporangia have cellulosic cell walls (Fungi has chitin)
* Unicellular amoeboids, motile; then they come together to produce sporangia if environment is hostile (Fungi have a different life cycle)
