ETS Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is an external effect in transportation?
An external effect in transportation is an unintended cost or benefit that affects third parties who are not directly involved in the transport activity.
Example: Noise from highways disturbing nearby residents.
What are some examples of negative external effects in transportation?
Negative external effects in transportation include air pollution, noise, congestion, accidents, and damage to infrastructure.
Example: Traffic congestion increases travel time for commuters.
How can external transport costs be measured?
External transport costs can be quantified by measuring pollution levels, health impacts, and infrastructure wear, then assigning a monetary value to them.
Example: The cost of air pollution is estimated based on healthcare expenses due to respiratory diseases.
How can transport policies address external costs?
Transport policies can reduce external costs through taxes, regulations, and incentives for cleaner transport methods.
Example: Implementing congestion charges in city centers to reduce traffic and emissions.
