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Animal Behavior > Ethology > Flashcards

Ethology Flashcards

1
Q

2 Cross-reared gallah instinctual behaviors

A

Food begging

Alram calls

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2
Q

3 behaviors cross-reared gallahs learned from cockatoos

A

Contact calls
Food preferences
Slow, sweeping wing beats

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3
Q

3 instincts

A

Sign stimuli
Fixed action pattern
Innate releasing mechanism

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4
Q

Example of a sign stimuli

A

Gravid female fish sees red dot on male and initiates courtship dance

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5
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

Sign stimuli activate patterns that continue to conclusion regardless of external stimuli
- Goose tapping egg on course even if its taken away

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6
Q

Innate Releasing mechanism

A

System that responds to a stimulus to produce a fixed action pattern

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7
Q

3 examples of IRM

A

Movement pattern of birds determines fear response in geese
Cuckoos lay eggs in reed warbler nest and chick pushes other eggs out
Fish trick birds to feed them

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8
Q

5 IRMs in babies

A 
Suckling
Grasping
Rooting
Morrow
Swimming-- up to 6 months
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9
Q

Codebreaking

A

Activation of an FAP by another animal

- Beetle getting food from ant

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10
Q

Explain sexual cannibalism in preying mantis

A

Cut inhibitory connections cause subesophogeal ganglion to send excitatory messages downstream. Causes animal to do several competing activities at once

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11
Q

Where is the internal pacemaker located in crickets

A

Optic lobe–> severing it breaks down circadian rhythm

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12
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Mammalian internal clock located in hypothalamus

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13
Q

What effects both central and peripheral clocks

A

Direct light

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14
Q

How does the central clock control circadian rhythms

A

Humoral and neuronal signals

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15
Q

Chronobiotic property

A

Exogenous melatonin from pineal gland is excreted at night. Effects the eye and other entrainment pathways

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16
Q

Progression of foraging patterns according to lunar cycle

A

Continuous day/night foraging–> supply is short
Continuous nocturnal foraging
Daylight foraging–> food is plentiful

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17
Q

Infanticide patterns with lunar cycle

A

Less infanticide with more light/dark cycles since mating

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18
Q

Anolis Carolineus

A

Females are sexually receptive every 10-14 days, mediated by prostaglandin release

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19
Q

What are the daily, monthly and yearly cycles

A

Daily circadian
Monthly lunar
Yearly hibernation

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20
Q

Great migration

A

Rift Valley–> Salinity and water changes in the soil make the grass dry and salty

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21
Q

Blue and coal tits

A

Blue live in oak trees and coals live in pine

Coal tits are slower at foraging for food

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22
Q

Poplar aphids

A

Position of gall and type of leaf effect amount of young. Late coming galls are further from the plant base and get less sap, so less young

23
Q

When will birds tolerate or chase away competitors

A

Wagtails tolerate them when food is plentiful to help them look for predators
Chase them away when food supply is short

24
Q

Cost of territory holding

A

Chasing sattelites away is costly in energy so it has to be worth it
Save 600 calories/hr resting over foraging for food

25
Q

Prior resident effect

A

Resident will always beat intruder. Familiarity with territory is important

26
Q

3 examples of Dispersal

A

Vervet monkeys dissapear more when moving around
Male ground squirrels leave to avoid inbreeding
Male lions leave to avoid mate competition

27
Q

Migration

A

Response to periodic changes in environment and shifting needs of lifestyle

28
Q

2 Reasons to migrate

A

Maximize exploitation of seasonal bursts of food

Proven reproductive sights

29
Q

3 options in surviving winter

A

Stay and survive on foraging and food stores
Hibernate
Migrate

30
Q

3 benefits of staying for winter

A

Retain occupancy of good territory
Avoid energy costs of migration
Avoid exposure to new environmental/predatory risks of new territory

31
Q

4 costs of staying for winter

A

Energy expenditure of retaining territory and risk of injury
Food/fat stores might not last all winter
Extreme weather may not be survivable
Reduced reproduction opportunity

32
Q

Deer mice breeding

A

Short life span so must mate as soon as cost of lactation can be met
North– peak in summer
South– peak in winter
East coast– double peak in spring/fall

33
Q

Lactational barrier

A

Not enough food to cover the high energy cost of lactation

34
Q

2 examples of flight migrations

A

Arctic turin to antarctica

Multigenerational monarch butterfly migration to mexico

35
Q

Which direction do most migrations go and why

A

South–> North

The most lands, plants and chlorophyll are north of the tropic of cancer

36
Q

2 examples of migration for reproductive purposes and why

A

Green turtles–> return to natal island because of known reproductive success
Grey whales–> have calves in south because babies dont have blubber and wont survive the north

37
Q

Piloting

A

Move to intermediate point where start point can be seen. Move to final point where intermediate point can be seen. Use topology and features to navigate

38
Q

2 examples of piloting

A

Dolphins use sea ridges

Cranes use thermals to rise and glide

39
Q

2 animals that use an internal compass

A

Eels– drop to sea bed with the tides to conserve energy

Salmon– return to natal river using the flavor of water

40
Q

Dead reckoning

A

Combination of clock and compass. Use time and distance to calculate vectors

41
Q

Celestial compass

A

Follow the sun by day and stars at night. Need to correct for rotation and lattitude

42
Q

Snell’s Window

A

Field of view from underwater looking up. Light is refracted into a cone

43
Q

5 sources of information from sensory organs

A 
Mechanoreceptors-- wind, currents
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreception
Electrolocation
Magnetic forces and gravitational fields
44
Q

Crypsis

A

Avoid observation and detection by other animals

45
Q

4 types if crypsis

A

Camoflauge
Mimicry
Subterranean lifestyle
Nocturnality

46
Q

Lygaid bug

A

Opposite of camoflauge, they display bright colours to ward off predators. Bright ones get eaten less

47
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

Harmless species imitate warnign signals of harmful species. Mimic toxicity colours without producing toxins

48
Q

Plover predator defense

A

Move away from nest and pretend to have a broken wing so predator will go for them and not the nest

49
Q

Vervet monkey warning calls

A

Vary for different predators.
Eagle– stay in tree core
Leapord– go on limb
Snake– clump together

50
Q

Unprofitability in hares

A

Show the fox its white belly so the fox knows he has been seen and to not bother

51
Q

Stotting

A

Gazelles leap up and down when they see a predator to show their strength. Predator wont go after the ones jumping the highest

52
Q

Distance dependant defence hierarchy

A 
Constant vigilance
Removal from proximity when predator detected
Physical escape strategies
Defensive aggression
Feigning: play dead
53
Q

Protean behavior

A

Disguise your form

Animal Behavior (3 decks)

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