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Animal Behavior > Animal Psychology > Flashcards

Animal Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

3 Darwin books

A

Origin of species (1859)
Descent of man (1871)
Expression of emotions in man and animals (1872)

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2
Q

Who originated the concept of natural selection before Darwin?

A

Lamarck

Aristotle

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3
Q

Years of the HMS beagle journey

A

1831-1836

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4
Q

5 evidences of evolution from Darwin

A 
Homologies
Fossil Record
Embryological Similarities 
Vestigal organs
Animal distribution patterns
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5
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Animals radiate from 1 original species–> Darwins finches beaks adapt with habitat

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6
Q

3 reasons why Darwins 1844 paper was not published until 1859

A

Ill health
Focus on geological papers
Fear of religious backlash

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7
Q

Wallace

A

Wrote joint paper with Darwin in 1858

Said the fittest would survive so the race would improve

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8
Q

Selective breeding

A

Basis of domestication

Relies on natural variation within population

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9
Q

Why do populations remain stable despite enormous reproductive potential?

A

Competition for scarce resources

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10
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

Some genetic variations will leave more offspring than others. Offspring inherit the “fit” parental genes and the population changes over time. Environment selects the most important traits

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11
Q

Alcock definition of natural selection

A

Differential reproductive success of individuals that occurs due to genetic differences

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12
Q

Krebs definition of natural selection

A

Differential survival of alternative alleles

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13
Q

Neodarwinism

A

Dobzansky and Huxley combined the ideas of Darwin and Mendel to add a genetic component to natural selection

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14
Q

Animal Psychology

A

Lab based
Tightly controlled studies
Emphasis on learning by experience

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15
Q

Ethology

A

Field based
Detailed observation of species and behavior
Emphasis on inherited behavior patterns

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16
Q

3 ethologists

A

Tinbergen
Lorenz
Frisen

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17
Q

Sociobiology

A

Field observation and experiments

Emphasis on evolution of social behavior

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18
Q

3 sociobiologists

A

Dawkins
Trivers
Wilson

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19
Q

Tinbergens 4 questions

A

Causation
Development
Function
Evolution

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20
Q

Wilson

A

Differentiates proximal vs ultimate causation

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21
Q

Alcock

A

How vs Why questions

  • proximate is how
  • ultimate is why
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22
Q

Tinbergen psychology

A

How: causation and development

23
Q

Tinbergen ethology

A

Why: function and evolution

24
Q

Aplysia

A

Sea slug with simple nervous system. stimulus to siphon causes a defensive reaction where shelf retracts

25
Q

Habituation

A

Waning of unconditioned response to a repeatedly presented stimulus

26
Q

Senesitization

A

Increased response to stimulus over time

- Aplysia tail shocks increase in size and duration

27
Q

4 conditions necessary for pavlovian conditioning

A

Temporal contiguity
Contingency
Surprise
Biological preparedness

28
Q

Rats and noisy/flavored water

A

Rats drink noisy/flavored water which is either followed by a shock or an injection causing illness.
Rat will avoid the drink when noise is paired with shock and when flavor is paired with illness because that is consistent with what is experienced in nature

29
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Previously neutral stimulus that gains properties to produce a response over time

30
Q

Fear conditioning

A 
CS= tone
US= shock
CR= Fear
31
Q

4 ways to measure fear

A

Conditioned freezing
Conditioned suppression
Fear potentiated startle
Heart rate

32
Q

Eye blink conditoning

A 
CS= tone
US= airpuff
CR= blink
33
Q

Why is surprise necessary for learning

A

US must instigate some mental work that can only occur is stimulus is unpredicted

34
Q

Blocking

A

Association between CS and US is impaired if an additional CS is presented that has already been associated with the unconditoned stimulus

35
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning than a novel stimulus

36
Q

Overshadowing

A

Two or more stimuli are presented together and one produces a stronger response than the other –> better to only have 1 CS

37
Q

Inhibitory Conditioning

A

Conditional stimulus paired with an unconditional stimulus which reduces the strength of response

38
Q

Inhibitory Conditioning example

A

Metronome–> Reinforcement
Hooter, pause, metronome–> no reinforcement
The hooter predicts the absence of reinforcement so the animal will not respond

39
Q

3 R’s of experimentation

A

Reduction
Replacement
Refinement

40
Q

2 elements of instrumental conditioning required for successful adaptation

A

Prediction

Control

41
Q

Instrumental conditoning

A

Action is instrumental in causing the outcome. Allows us to control our environment in service of our needs

42
Q

Grindley experiment

A

Trained guinea pigs to turn head left for food. Reversed direction to see if they could still do it. They could, so action is operational
- Understand the contingency between action and outcome, not simply stimulus-repsonse

43
Q

Free operant lever pressing

A

Train rats to press lever then change contingency to either delayed food, or none. Delayed group responded more. shows animals are sensitive to action and probability of food

44
Q

Bolles, Holtz, Hill experiment

A

Trained rats to press lever either up or down and punished one direction with shock. Suppression only of the response that was punished

45
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect

A

Earliest explantation of operant con.

Association between stimulus and response strengthened by presentation of a reinforcer

46
Q

Puzzle boxes

A

Cats learned by trial and error

NO insight

47
Q

Tolman

A

Cognitive theory of instrumental action

Value assigned to outcome interacts with expectancy to produce behavior

48
Q

How to distinguish between stimulus-response and cognitive accounts?

A

Change the reward value

49
Q

What 2 systems mediate instrumental action

A

Habit

Association

50
Q

Maze experiment

A

Mouse initially turns left to reach end. Change the start point and observe
SR control–> Mouse will turn left regardless of start point
Learning place–> Mouse understands to go to correct end

51
Q

Result of deactivating mouse hippocampus

A

Initially use place strategy, but move to SR

–> hippocampus is neural basis of place learning

52
Q

Result of deactivating caudate nucleus

A

Strategy does not change. Mouse keeps using place strategy

–> caudate nucleus is neural basis for SR

53
Q

Path integration example

A

Ants wander from nest and use vectors to find their way home

Animal Behavior (3 decks)

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