Ethnicity And Education

Question 1

Which ethnic groups scored higher than average for attainment 8?

Answer 1

Chinese, Asian, and Mixed ethnic groups

Question 2

Which ethnic groups scored lower than average for attainment 8?

Answer 2

Black and white pupils

Question 3

Which ethnic groups had the lowest average scores for attainment 8?

Answer 3

White gypsy/ Roma and Irish traveller groups

Question 4

Which gender has higher attainment 8 scores regardless of ethnicity?

Answer 4

Girls

Question 5

In every ethnic group, do pupils eligible for free school meals score higher or lower than those not eligible?

Answer 5

Lower

Question 6

What did Evans say about ethnicity and education?

Answer 6

• You cannot look at ethnicity as a standalone factor
• Class, gender and ethnicity all play a part in achievement

Question 7

What did Gillborn and Youdell say about ethnicity and education?

Answer 7

In one local education authority, black children’s ere the highest achievers when entering primary school, but at GCSEs they ended up being one of the lowest achievers.

Question 8

What are the 4 main internal ethnicity factors?

Answer 8

• Labelling and teacher racism
• Pupil identities
• Pupil responses and subcultures
• Institutional racism

Question 9

What does Bourne say about teacher labelling?

Answer 9

Black, male pupils are at higher risk of being excluded due to negative labelling, 1 in 5 excluded pupils get 5 GCSEs

Question 10

What does Osler say about teacher labelling?

Answer 10

Black children appear more likely to suffer form unofficial and internal exclusions (such as being sent out of lesson) or being sent to PRUs (pupil referral units) where they don’t access mainstream curriculum

Question 11

What does Foster say about labelling and streaming?

Answer 11

Teachers may place black pupils in lower sets based on the label of them as badly behaved rather than their ability

Question 12

According to Shain, which ethnic group is punished more severely when caught challenging stereotypes?

Answer 12

Asian girls

Question 13

What did Archer find in her interviews with teachers and students?

Answer 13

• Black students are demonised as loud, challenging, and excessively sexual with uninspirational home cultures
• Asian girls are stereotyped as quiet, passive and docile

Question 14

What were Archer’s 3 pupil identities?

Answer 14

• The ideal pupil- white, middle class, masculinised, identify with normal sexuality, achieves through natural ability
• Pathologised pupil- Asian, feminised, oppressed sexuality, plodding, conformist, culture bound, succeeds through hard work not natural ability
• Demonised pupil- black or white, working class, hyper sexualised, unintelligent, peer led, culturally deprived

Question 15

What did Archer say about Chinese students?

Answer 15

• Teachers view Chinese students negatively but praise the achievements
• Seen as achieving ‘the wrong way’, not through natural intelligence but hard work

Question 16

How did Archer and Francis sum up teachers’ views of Chinese pupils?

Answer 16

Negative positive stereotype

Question 17

What do Troyna and Williams say about ethnic differences in achievement?

Answer 17

You need to look at how schools and colleges routinely discriminate ethnic minorities rather than how individual teachers are racist

Question 18

What is individual racism?

Answer 18

Results from the prejudiced views of individuals

Question 19

What is institutional racism?

Answer 19

Discrimination that is built in to the way institutions operate

Question 20

According to Gillborn, what are the 4 ways the education system is institutionally racist?

Answer 20

• Ethnocentric curriculum
• Marketisation
• New IQism
• Access to opportunities

Question 21

How does an ethnocentric curriculum contribute to institutional racism?

Answer 21

• Taught white European languages
• White/ English culture is prioritised
• Cultural diversity and black/asian history is ignored
• Assessments are rigged towards dominant culture

Question 22

Who said that the curriculum favours white European languages?

Answer 22

Troyna and Williams

Question 23

Who said white culture is prioritised in the education system?

Answer 23

David

Question 24

Who said the education system ignores cultural diversity?

Answer 24

Ball

Question 25

How does marketisation contribute towards institutional racism?

Answer 25

• Schools are selective based on ideal pupil (white), cream skimming and salt sifting
• Non native speakers struggle with applications

Question 26

Who spoke about cream skimming and salt sifting?

Answer 26

Gillborn

Question 27

Who said non native speakers struggle to understand applications?

Answer 27

Moore and Davenport

Question 28

How does New IQism contribute to institutional racism?

Answer 28

Sets and streams are based on stereotypes not ability

Question 29

How does access to opportunities contribute to institutional racism?

Answer 29

• Ethnic minorities are placed in lower sets and entered for foundation papers
• Programmes for gifted and talented students mostly white students

Question 30

Criticisms of institutional racism:

Answer 30

• Sewell- focus on external factors, racism is not powerful enough to stop achievement
• Some ethnic minorities who overachieve have been marginalised

Question 31

What 3 aspects of cultural deprivation may impact ethnic achievement?

Answer 31

• Language
• Parental support
• Attitiudes and values

Question 32

Criticisms of cultural deprivation theory:

Answer 32

• Ignores positive effects that ethnicity can have on achievement- Driver
• Black Caribbean families provide positive role models for independent women, may be white black girls are more successful
• Lawrence- black people fail due to racism
• Keddie- ethnic minorities are culturally different not deprived
• Education should be multicultural and anti racist

Question 33

Who said that cultural deprivation ignore the positive effect ethnicity has on achievement?

Answer 33

Driver

Question 34

Who said black people fail due to racism?

Answer 34

Lawrence

Question 35

Who said ethnic minorities are culturally different not deprived?

Answer 35

Keddie

Question 36

What did Palmer say about material deprivation in relation to ethnic achievement?

Answer 36

-Almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low income households
- Ethnic minorities are three times more likely to be homeless
- Cultural factors such as purdah in Muslim households stop women working outside the home
- Almost half of Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earned under £7 an hour

Question 37

What fraction of ethnic minority children live in low income households?

Answer 37

Almost half, compared to a quarter of white children

Question 38

How much more likely are ethnic minorities to be unemployed than white people?

Answer 38

Twice as likely

Question 39

How much more likely are ethnic minorities to be homeless than white people?

Answer 39

Three times more likely

Question 40

What stops some Muslim women working outside the household?

Answer 40

Purdah

Question 41

What did Rex say about racism in society?

Answer 41

Racial discrimination results in exclusion form society and so living in poverty

Question 42

What was Wood’s study in relation to external ethnic factors?

Answer 42

Sent 3 closely matched job applications to 1,000 vacancies, for each application one appeared white and two ethnic minorities

Question 43

What were the findings of Woods’ study in relation to external ethnic factors?

Answer 43

• ‘White’ candidates got 1/9 interviews
• Ethnic minorities got 1/16