Ethnicity And Education Flashcards
Which ethnic groups scored higher than average for attainment 8?
Chinese, Asian, and Mixed ethnic groups
Which ethnic groups scored lower than average for attainment 8?
Black and white pupils
Which ethnic groups had the lowest average scores for attainment 8?
White gypsy/ Roma and Irish traveller groups
Which gender has higher attainment 8 scores regardless of ethnicity?
Girls
In every ethnic group, do pupils eligible for free school meals score higher or lower than those not eligible?
Lower
What did Evans say about ethnicity and education?
- You cannot look at ethnicity as a standalone factor
- Class, gender and ethnicity all play a part in achievement
What did Gillborn and Youdell say about ethnicity and education?
In one local education authority, black children’s ere the highest achievers when entering primary school, but at GCSEs they ended up being one of the lowest achievers.
What are the 4 main internal ethnicity factors?
- Labelling and teacher racism
- Pupil identities
- Pupil responses and subcultures
- Institutional racism
What does Bourne say about teacher labelling?
Black, male pupils are at higher risk of being excluded due to negative labelling, 1 in 5 excluded pupils get 5 GCSEs
What does Osler say about teacher labelling?
Black children appear more likely to suffer form unofficial and internal exclusions (such as being sent out of lesson) or being sent to PRUs (pupil referral units) where they don’t access mainstream curriculum
What does Foster say about labelling and streaming?
Teachers may place black pupils in lower sets based on the label of them as badly behaved rather than their ability
According to Shain, which ethnic group is punished more severely when caught challenging stereotypes?
Asian girls
What did Archer find in her interviews with teachers and students?
- Black students are demonised as loud, challenging, and excessively sexual with uninspirational home cultures
- Asian girls are stereotyped as quiet, passive and docile
What were Archer’s 3 pupil identities?
- The ideal pupil- white, middle class, masculinised, identify with normal sexuality, achieves through natural ability
- Pathologised pupil- Asian, feminised, oppressed sexuality, plodding, conformist, culture bound, succeeds through hard work not natural ability
- Demonised pupil- black or white, working class, hyper sexualised, unintelligent, peer led, culturally deprived
What did Archer say about Chinese students?
- Teachers view Chinese students negatively but praise the achievements
- Seen as achieving ‘the wrong way’, not through natural intelligence but hard work
How did Archer and Francis sum up teachers’ views of Chinese pupils?
Negative positive stereotype
What do Troyna and Williams say about ethnic differences in achievement?
You need to look at how schools and colleges routinely discriminate ethnic minorities rather than how individual teachers are racist
What is individual racism?
Results from the prejudiced views of individuals
What is institutional racism?
Discrimination that is built in to the way institutions operate
According to Gillborn, what are the 4 ways the education system is institutionally racist?
- Ethnocentric curriculum
- Marketisation
- New IQism
- Access to opportunities
How does an ethnocentric curriculum contribute to institutional racism?
- Taught white European languages
- White/ English culture is prioritised
- Cultural diversity and black/asian history is ignored
- Assessments are rigged towards dominant culture
Who said that the curriculum favours white European languages?
Troyna and Williams
Who said white culture is prioritised in the education system?
David
Who said the education system ignores cultural diversity?
Ball
How does marketisation contribute towards institutional racism?
- Schools are selective based on ideal pupil (white), cream skimming and salt sifting
- Non native speakers struggle with applications
Who spoke about cream skimming and salt sifting?
Gillborn
Who said non native speakers struggle to understand applications?
Moore and Davenport
How does New IQism contribute to institutional racism?
Sets and streams are based on stereotypes not ability
How does access to opportunities contribute to institutional racism?
- Ethnic minorities are placed in lower sets and entered for foundation papers
- Programmes for gifted and talented students mostly white students
Criticisms of institutional racism:
- Sewell- focus on external factors, racism is not powerful enough to stop achievement
- Some ethnic minorities who overachieve have been marginalised
What 3 aspects of cultural deprivation may impact ethnic achievement?
- Language
- Parental support
- Attitiudes and values
Criticisms of cultural deprivation theory:
- Ignores positive effects that ethnicity can have on achievement- Driver
- Black Caribbean families provide positive role models for independent women, may be white black girls are more successful
- Lawrence- black people fail due to racism
- Keddie- ethnic minorities are culturally different not deprived
- Education should be multicultural and anti racist
Who said that cultural deprivation ignore the positive effect ethnicity has on achievement?
Driver
Who said black people fail due to racism?
Lawrence
Who said ethnic minorities are culturally different not deprived?
Keddie
What did Palmer say about material deprivation in relation to ethnic achievement?
-Almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low income households
- Ethnic minorities are three times more likely to be homeless
- Cultural factors such as purdah in Muslim households stop women working outside the home
- Almost half of Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earned under £7 an hour
What fraction of ethnic minority children live in low income households?
Almost half, compared to a quarter of white children
How much more likely are ethnic minorities to be unemployed than white people?
Twice as likely
How much more likely are ethnic minorities to be homeless than white people?
Three times more likely
What stops some Muslim women working outside the household?
Purdah
What did Rex say about racism in society?
Racial discrimination results in exclusion form society and so living in poverty
What was Wood’s study in relation to external ethnic factors?
Sent 3 closely matched job applications to 1,000 vacancies, for each application one appeared white and two ethnic minorities
What were the findings of Woods’ study in relation to external ethnic factors?
- ‘White’ candidates got 1/9 interviews
- Ethnic minorities got 1/16
