Class And Education Flashcards
1
Q
Class in education- the problem:
A
- Pass rate of disadvantaged students decreased by 1.6% after the pandemic
- Advantaged students pass rate by 0.6%
2
Q
What are internal factors?
A
- Factors within schools and education
- Affected by schools, change depending on the school
3
Q
What are external factors?
A
- Factors outside the education system
- Cannot be influenced by school
4
Q
What are the 3 external class factors in education?
A
- Cultural deprivation
- Cultural capital
- Material deprivation
5
Q
What is cultural deprivation?
A
- Socialisation of language, self discipline and reasoning
- Working class aren’t socialised as well
- By 3 years old, disadvantaged children are 1 year behind in reading compared to privileged children
6
Q
Cultural deprivation- language:
A
- Bereiter and Engelmann
- Working class families communicate with simple, single words
- Upper class use complex words and full sentences
7
Q
What is restricted code?
A
- Short, grammatically simple sentences
- Predictable
- Single words or gestures (616 words per hour)
- Context bound- depends on listen sharing same experiences as speaker
8
Q
What is elaborate code?
A
- Longer, grammatically complex sentences
- Complex and varied
- Wider vocabulary (2,153 words per hour)
- Context free- make things explicit so having the same experiences is not important
9
Q
Cultural deprivation- parents’ education:
A
- Douglas
- Working class parent place less value on education
- Less ambition, encouragement, interest in child’s learning, attendance to meetings
- Less likely to support children’s intellectual development
10
Q
Cultural deprivation- use of income
A
- Wealthier parents have higher income to spend on education
- Bernstein and Young- middle class mothers more likely to buy educational toys and books
- Wealthier parents give children nutritional diets
- Feinstein- parental education impacts child’s achievement
11
Q
What is a subculture?
A
A breakaway group from mainstream society with individual norms and values
12
Q
What did Sugarman say about working class subcultures?
A
- Working class learners subcultures through socialisation
- Working class values don’t properly prepare children for education
13
Q
What did Sugarman say are the main barriers to educational achievement?
A
- Fatalism- belief in fate, can’t change status so don’t try
- Collectivism- value being part of a group, held back by loyalties
- Immediate gratification- want pleasure now instead of sacrificing for pleasure in the future
- Present time orientation- see present as more important than future so lack long term plans
14
Q
Evaluation of cultural deprivation:
A
- Keddie says it is a myth
- Failure at school can’t be blame on deprived background
- Working class are culturally different not deprived
- Blackstone and Mortimore- they attend less parents evenings because they work longer hours or are put off by middle class atmosphere
15
Q
Who said cultural deprivation is a myth?
A
Keddie
16
Q
What is material deprivation?
A
- Poverty
- Lack of material objects
- Working class families less likely to have high disposable income
17
Q
What are the 4 main features of material deprivation?
A
- Housing
- Diet
- Costs of education
- Fear of debt
18
Q
Material deprivation- housing:
A
- Low income means big families in small houses
- Overcrowding so no quiet place to work
- Moving around rented/ council houses means changing schools
- Poor house quality causes illness
19
Q
Material deprivation- diet and health
A
- Howard- poorer children have lower energy intake
- Wilkinson- working class 10 year olds have higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety, and conduct disorders
- Blanden and Machin- working class students are more likely to fight
20
Q
What did Howard say about diet and health?
A
Working class children have lower intakes of energy
21
Q
What does Wilkinson say about diet and health?
A
Higher rates of hyperactivity, anxiety, and conduct disorders in working class 10 year olds
22
Q
What did Blanden and Machin say about diet and health?
A
Working class students are more likely to fight and throw temper tantrums
23
Q
Material deprivation- cost of education:
A
- Extra textbooks, excercise books etc can cost lots of money
- Tanner- the cost of transport, uniform, books etc places a heavy burden on families
- Families buy cheaper, low quality items which can cause bullying
- Students might have to work as well as school
24
Q
What did Tanner say about the cost of education?
A
The cost of items such as transport, books, uniforms etc places a heavy burden on families
25
What did Smith and Noble say?
Poverty acts as a barrier to learning as there is an inability to afford private schooling or tuition, and local schools and poorer quality
26
Material deprivation- fear of debt:
- Callender and Jackson- working class students are scared of debt
- Working class students 5 times less likely to apply for university
- 8.6% reduction in UK university applicants in 2012 when fees were introduced
- 81% of upper class students got financial help from home
- Reay- working class students more likely to apply to local universities to live at home and save money
27
Who said that working class children are scared of debt?
Callender and Jackson
28
Who said working class students are likely to go to local universities and live at home to save money
Reay
29
What is cultural capital?
- Knowledge, attitudes, values, language, taste, and abilities of middle class
- Middle class more likely to develop intellectual interests and understand what education requires
30
Who spoke about cultural capital?
Bourdieu
31
Which class culture does the education system favour?
Dominant middle class
32
How do children respond to exam failure caused by lack of cultural capital?
Truanting, leaving early, or not trying because they don’t think education is right for them
33
What did Leech and Campos say?
Middle class parents more likely to buy a house in a catchment are of a successful school, more expensive houses
34
What did Alice Sullivan say?
better resources and aspirations of middle class families explain class gaps in educational achievement
35
What are the 4 main internal factors?
- Labelling
- Streaming
- Pupil subcultures
- Pupil’s class identities
36
What is labelling?
- Attaching a meaning to somebody
- Can be positive or negative
- Both teachers and students can label someone
37
What was Becker’s study of labelling?
- Conducted in Chicago
- Used 60 high school teachers
- Interviews
- Teachers judge pupils based on how they fit the ideal pupil
- Middle class are closest to the ideal pupil
- Judged by appearance, work and conduct
38
What was Hemel-Jorgensen’s study of primary school labelling?
- Working class primary school- discipline was a problem, ideal pupil was quiet, passive and obedient, students defined by behaviour not ability
- Middle class primary school- no discipline problems, students defined by personality and academic ability
39
What was Dunne and Gazeley’s study on secondary school labelling?
- Schools produce working class underachievement because of labels
- Underachievement of working class is normalised
- Teachers label working class parents as uninterested and middle class as supportive
- Teachers enter working class pupils into easier exams
40
What’s was Rist’s study on labelling in American kindergarten?
- Labelling starts at the beginning of a child’s education
- Teachers used child’s background and appearance to group them
- Fast learners often middle class, neat and clean, closest to teacher
- Working class seated further from teacher, given lower level books, and less chance to prove themselves
41
What is the self fulfilling prophecy?
A prediction of labels hat comes true because it’d given by somebody else
42
What is the pygmalion effect?
1. Teacher thinks student is smart/ not smart
2. Teacher focuses on/ ignores student more
3. Student learns more/ less
4. Student gets better/ worse grades
Cycle continues
43
Who spoke about the pygmalion effect?
Rosenthal and Jacobson
44
What is streaming?
- Children are separated into ability groups
- Groups are taught separately and SFP is likely to occur
- Working class children often in lower streams as they aren’t the ideal pupil
- Douglas- children in lower streams at 8 suffer decline in IQ by 11
45
Who came up with the A-C economy?
Gillborn and Youdell
46
What is the A-C economy?
Schools focus on A-C grades and don’t put time, effort, or resources into pupils not achieving these
47
What is educational triage?
- Teacher sort pupils into 3 groups
- Working class and black pupils often end up labelled, streamed, and live up to the SFP
48
What are the 3 groups students can be triaged into?
- Those who will pass anyway
- Borderline C-D students
- Hopeless cases
49
Which triage group receives more help and attention?
Bordeline C-D students
50
Evaluations of educational triage:
- A-C economy is outdated
- Schools are measured by progress 8 not grades A-C
- A-C is still used so it has some relevance
51
What did Lacey’s study on Hightown boys’ grammar school find?
Labelling affected the subculture a student joined
52
What is a pro school subculture?
- Pupils in high streams are usually middle class
- Remain committed to school values
- Gain status in the approved manner through academic success
53
What are anti school subcultures?
- Pupils in low streams are often working class
- School reinforces inferiority so gives low self esteem
- Usually try to gain status through rebellion, such as truanting, smoking etc
54
What did Hargreaves study find?
- Found similar response to labelling and streaming in secondary modern schools
- Subcultures formed due to triple failure, fail 11+, labelled worthless, placed in low streams
- Deviant subculture develops as pupils think it is their only option
Delinquent subcultures guarantee failure
55
What did Ball’s study on abolishing streaming find?
- When a school abolished banding in favour of mixed ability groups subcultures became less segregated
- Anti school subcultures lost their influence
- Teachers categorised pupils different in classes
- Class inequality occurs with or without streaming
56
What responses to streaming did Woods identify?
- Integratiation- teachers pet
- Ritualism- going through motions, staying out of trouble, just getting by
- Retreatism- daydreaming and messing around
- Rebellion- complete rejection of school
57
What did Furlong say about Woods’ responses to streaming?
Pupils can move between different responses and act differently depending on the lesson and teacher.
58
What did Archer say about pupil class identity?
- Schools value middle class habitus (values, tastes interests etc.)
- Keeps the working class in their place
- Known as symbolic violence
59
What are nike identities?
- Symbolic violence caused working class to create their own identity
- Invest in branded clothes such as Nike
- Peer groups policed styles, to not conform was ‘social suicide’
- Right appearance (against school uniform) gained symbolic capital
- Working class exclude themselves from education
