Ethnicity and Crime Flashcards
1
Q
Lea and Young
A
- Certain ethnic groups commit more crimes than others and the role of fascism in the criminal justice system, are not mutually exclusive
2
Q
Anderson
A
Police assume:
- White people= middle-class, trustworthy
- Black people= lower class, criminal
- Police stop, harass, and abuse young black males on a regular basis on the street, even though most have done nothing to deserve it
3
Q
Hood
A
- There was a difference in sentencing based on ethnicities, particularly race
- Black men were 5% more likely to be imprisoned than white men
4
Q
What was the average custodial sentence length for black and white people?
A
- 20.8 months for black
- 14.9 months for white
5
Q
Hall
A
- Considers the issue of policing and race relations in the two decades between the Scarman report of 1982 and the McPherson report of 1999.
6
Q
Scarman report 1982
A
- The official response to racial violence and rioting in some British cities in the early 1980s
7
Q
McPherson report
A
Details on the official inquiry into the murder of the black teenager Stephan Lawrence in 1993 and the subsequent police investigation
8
Q
Hall on the police investigation of Stephan Lawrence
A
- It was flawed but unsurprising
- Found institutional racism in the Metropolitan police force
9
Q
Phillip and Bowling
Support Hall
A
- Ethnic minority neighbourhoods were still overpoliced with military style methods despite the McPherson report
10
Q
Insitutional racism
A
- Racism within the social processes and practices of an institution- widely applied to the police
11
Q
Waddington
A
- Higher levels of stopping and searching of young black and asian males did not show institutional racism - Ethnic backgrounds just have more ‘availability’ in public places
- The study showed they were not treated disproportionally by the police as their stop and search rate was in line with ‘available population’
12
Q
Prison population increase between 1993-2003
A
White- 48%
Black- 138%
Asian- 73%
13
Q
‘Police culture’/’cop culture’/’police occupational culture
A
- The shared set of norms, values, attitudes, and practices, which develop amongst the police, and which affect the way in which they carry out their duties
14
Q
‘Canteen culture’
A
- The attitudes and values exhibited by the police in their off-duty socialising
15
Q
Smith and Grey policy studies institute report
A
- Highlights the explicit and accepted racist language of police officers
16
Q
Holdaway- police culture research
A
- ‘Racialisation’ of policing, arguing that routine and mundane police work and relationships may take on a racial ‘framing’, by which people/events are seen in ways that prioritise race when it is irrelevant. And ignores race when it is relevant
17
Q
Chan
A
- Inappropriate use of discretion has led to over and under-policing of particular types of offenders and victims
18
Q
Bhilox
A
- Most policing is directed at the excluded members of society, who are often poor, young, and black
19
Q
Glynn
A
- Racism in the criminal justice system leads some black men to reoffend as a defiant reaction to societal rejection
20
Q
‘Differential deployment’
A
- Concentrating policing on areas where the targeted reside
21
Q
‘Methodological suspicion’
A
- Routinely suspecting only a limited proportion of the population
22
Q
Scraton
A
- Sees the police as an occupying force imposed on the working class/ethnic minority communities
- They impose the law which reflects ruling class interests, and black criminality= culture of resistance
23
Q
Gilroy
A
- The history of race relations is a significant factor in explaining criminality amongst some ethnic groups eg British Asia and the African Carribeans are former British colonies, which experienced cultural erosion
24
Q
Why were crime levels amongst British Asians disproportionately lower than those of white people?
A
- Due to strong family values and socialisation within the family, and them not fitting with the police stereotype of criminals
25
**Nightingale**
- 'Paradox of inclusion’ in which there's a desire to be part of mainstream culture being blocked by poverty, and this results in crime
26
**FitzGerald** and **Sibitt**
- Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups have very different social class and cultural backgrounds, which have long masked different crime patterns within these groups
27
**Lea** and **Young** challenge...
- Those who dismiss any link between race and crime as ‘merely’ evidence of racism in the criminal justice system
28
What does racial discrimination lead to?
- An acute awareness of ‘unnecessary injustices’ and unemployment
29
**Lea** and **Young** intersection of race and crime
- The ways in which a minority of the oppressed groups in any industrialised society are ‘brutalised’ into criminality, so race and crime combine to explain patterns in offending
30
**Bowling**, **Parmar**, **Phillips**
- The ‘pliability’ of Asian stereotypes demonstrates that previous conformist perceptions of Asians, particularly Muslims, have altered
- Stereotypes assumed to explain law-abiding behaviour, relating to strong sense of community, family, and religious values, which promote crime/ deviance
31
Report from the Home Affairs Select Committee of the House of Commons in 2007 concludes...
- A range of factors contributed to high levels of criminality amongst black youths- including poverty, educational underachievement, school exclusions, family conflict and lack of positive role models (single parent families)
32
**Abbas**
- The stereotype of the ‘passive Asian’ has given way to a climate of ‘Islamophobia’ following 9/11 and terrorist scares
33
**Palmer** challenges...
- Arguments which see race as a secondary factor to social class, suggesting that they place too little emphasis of racial discrimination
34
Radicalisation concerns led to...
- Claims about targeting of young Muslims by the police, and harsher punishments being issued by courts
35
**Pitts**
- Rise in violent youth gangs and associated gang-related street street culture as young people have found themselves ‘immobilised’ at the bottom of the economic ladder, marginalised from mainstream society
36
**Lea** and **Young** on moral panics
- Criticise moral panics surrounding ‘black crime’, i.e. the way the media have focused on mugging, and linked it to ethnicity
- Challenge the headline= ‘BLACK CRIME SHOCK: blacks carried out twice as many muggings as whites in London last year’
37
**Gunter**
- Subcultures and crime amongst young black males in East London
Highlights significance of ‘road culture; and ‘badness’ on young black people’s identities, experiences and life choices
