Ethnicity

Question 1

how does the stereotyping shown in Prof Green’s doc lead to lower educational success (hence lower chances of higher work placements)

Answer 1

stereotyped as lazy troublemakers often becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy and feeling they don’t belong in higher education. This leads to lower educational success e.g only 15% of white working class boys pass 5 or more GCSEs –> cannot go on to get the qualifications needed for higher paid jobs e.g. doctor

Question 2

1. what is the unemployment rate for BAME individuals compared to white British
2. what year was this

Answer 2

1. 9% vs 5%

2. 2016

Question 3

1. black vs white arrest rates

2. how does this affect work + employment

Answer 3

1. black people = 3x more likely to be arrested than their white peers
2. higher chances of being charged w/ a crime - limits certain job opportunities

Question 4

what is the employment disparity between Pakistani + Bangladeshi graduates vs British graduates?

Answer 4

Pakistani + Bangladeshi = 12% less likely to be in work that white British graduates

Question 5

Cox

Answer 5

Marxist theory (1970)
racism is socially constructed by those who control the means of production in order to justify the exploitation of the Proletariat

Question 6

Castles and Kosack

Answer 6

Marxist theory 1973
racism is encouraged by the ‘capitalist class’ to justify ethnic inequality within the workplace
“legitimisation, divide and rule, scapegoat”

Question 7

what is an evaluation for Castles and Kosack?

Answer 7

outdated - relevant to the first generation of minorities that a arrived in Britain in the 1950s

Question 8

evaluation for Marxists

Answer 8

-ignores that some ethnic minorities have been very economically successful

Question 9

Charles Murray

Answer 9

The New Right - Theory
black people = part of a dysfunctional underclass brought about by a too generous welfare system which discouraged work.

Question 10

Barron and Norris

Answer 10

Weberian Theory
Dual Labour Market theory:
1. Primary labour market saturated w/ white men
2. Secondary labour market saturated w/ women and ethnic minorities

Question 11

what contemporary evidence can be used for Barron and Norris?

Answer 11

• ONS: Pakistani + Bangladeshi have highest % of people in customer service
• Lee Study - employers more likely to hire those with European-sounding names

Question 12

Heath and Yu

what is the contemporary evidence to back this up

Answer 12

Weberian theory
used data from large surveys e.g. ONS, referring to the fact that ethnic minorities are disadvantaged in managerial + professional roles due to ‘ethnic penalties’

ONS: white people have highest % w/I top managerial positions

Question 13

evaluation of dual labour market theory

Answer 13

ignores the combination of gender and race inequality

e.g. concrete ceiling for ethnic minority women but also glass ceiling for white women

Question 14

1. Functionalist view on ethnicity

2. Evaluate this

Answer 14

1. Patterson: ethnic minorities were not skilled enough (when they first immigrated in the 50s) to have high paid jobs but their kids would assimilate and would then less inequality
2. their predictions were wrong as even now, according to ONS, white people still take up the highest economic positions w/I society AND Marxists point out functionalist failure to point out role of capitalism in contributing to inequality