Ethnicity

Question 1

Define ethnicity

Answer 1

People who share common history, customs and identity as well as in most cases language and religion”

Question 2

What is the most common way of researching ethnic differences in achievement?

Answer 2

Official statistics

Question 3

Give 2 advantages of using official statistics to study ethnic differences in achievement

Answer 3

Access

Large sample = representative

Question 4

Give 2 disadvantages of using official statistics to study ethnic differences in achievement

Answer 4

Don’t include the reasons why - less valid

Comparisons over time may not be possible as the grading has changed

Question 5

Who are the 2 most the successful ethnic groups according official statistics?

Answer 5

Chinese and Indian students

Question 6

Who are the 2 least successful ethnic groups according to official statistics?

Answer 6

Gypsy travellers

Black Caribbeans

Question 7

What are the 3 external factors for ethnic differences?

Answer 7

Cultural Deprivation
Material Deprivation
Racism in wider society

Question 8

Which cultural deprivation theorists spoke on language as an external factor?

Answer 8

Bereiter and Engelman - said language spoken by low income black families is adequate to education

Question 9

What is a criticism of the culturally deprived language theory?

Answer 9

Gillborn and Mirza - Asian students succeed despite having English has second language

Question 10

What did cultural deprivation theorist Moynihan highlight?

Answer 10

Family structure - because black families have a lot of lone mother households which means they are financially strained so cannot provide adequate care

Question 11

Which New Right theorist believes that black students are culturally deprived due to family structure?

Answer 11

Murray says it leads to a lack male role models for black boys

Question 12

Who talks about how colonialism has made black children more culturally deprived?

Answer 12

Pryce - Asian students have a higher self esteem than black students because their language, religion and family structures were much less destroyed by colonialism and slavery

Question 13

What do Driver and Ballard say about why Asian children succeed?

Answer 13

Because they value hard work and enforce strict rules and authority that makes obedient children

Question 14

Who spoke about how street culture leads to white working class cultural deprivation?

Answer 14

Evans - the intimidating power game of white working class neighbourhoods can be brought to school which is disruptive

Question 15

Give 2 criticisms of cultural deprivation theory

Answer 15

Driver - ignores positive facts like black girls succeeding more due to having strong female role models

Keddie - blames the victims - just cause culture is different doesn’t mean they are deprived

Question 16

Give a statistic on material deprivation

Answer 16

Half of ethnic minority children live in low income households compared to a quarter of white children

Question 17

Give 3 reasons why ethnic minorities are more materially deprived

Answer 17

Racial discrimination
Do not speak the language
Women in the community may not work

Question 18

What did modood find out about material deprivation?

Answer 18

That low income affects white children more than other ethnic groups like Chinese children therefore it cannot be that important of a factor

Question 19

Give a criticism of the material deprivation theory

Answer 19

That Indian and Bangladeshi children succeed despite high levels of poverty

Question 20

Who researched racism in society through sending letters?

Answer 20

Noon - sent identical job letters to 100 top UK companies one signed Evans and one signed Patel and Evans got more replies

Question 21

Give the 4 internal factors

Answer 21

Labelling and teacher racism
Pupil identities
Pupil responses and subcultures
Institutional racism

Question 22

Who studied teachers’ racialised expectations?

Answer 22

Gillborn and Youdell - found black students were more heavily disciplined and seen as threatening which led to them feeling stereotyped

Question 23

What did osler study about how labelling affects achievement?

Answer 23

Black girls and boys suffer more official and unofficial exclusions - found in the southern poverty law centre survey

Question 24

Who studied the labelling of Asian students?

Answer 24

Wright - found teachers viewed them as quiet and passive and they were often left out of class discussions and patronised in case their English wasn’t as good

Question 25

Who studied 3 pupil identities and what were they?

Answer 25

Archer - found
The ideal pupil was white middle class with normal sexuality who achieved through what was perceived as natural talent 
The pathologised pupil was Asian, working class with oppressed sexuality who is perceived as succeeding through hard work
The demonised pupil - black or white, working class, hyper sexualised who is a culturally deprived underachiever

Question 26

Give 3 problems when researching teacher labelling

Answer 26

Teachers may not be aware of biases so interviews lack validity
Observations - Hawthorne effect - lack validity
Gatekeepers may not allow access as it could give a negative reputation

Question 27

Who studied the self negating prophecy as a pupil response?

Answer 27

Fuller - studied year 11 black girls in London who were placed in low streams but still succeeded to prove them wrong

Question 28

What were Mirza’s 3 types of racist teachers that mean children may underachieve?

Answer 28

Colour blind - believe all children are equal but let racism go unchallenged
Liberal chauvinist - believe black children are culturally deprived so have low expectations of them
Overt racists - see them as inferior and actively discriminate against them

Question 29

Who particularly studied 4 black boy responses?

Answer 29

Sewell - he found
The Rebels - visible minority, anti school, excluded and conform to black macho stereotype
The conformists - largest group, pro school, have friends from different ethnicities
The retreatists - minority, disconnected from school and also rebels, quiet and passive
The innovators - second largest group, pro education but anti school due to negative experiences with teachers

Question 30

Give an ad and disad of labelling and pupil responses

Answer 30

Ad - shows how teacher interactions affect self esteem

Disad - blames individual teachers not racism in wider society

Question 31

Give 2 issues when studying teacher racism

Answer 31

Racism can be criminal so people are unlikely to admit it - less valid

No specific definition of a racist incident so people may not be aware what counts - not operationalised

Question 32

What is the theory associated to institutional racism?

Answer 32

Critical race theory - sees racism as locked in inequality and ingrained so deep it no longer needs to be intended

Question 33

What did the Commission for Racial Equality 1993 find about institutional racism?

Answer 33

Found racial bias in interviews as well as application forms not being inclusive for people with English as a second language - difficult for them to get into oversubscribed schools

Question 34

Who studied the ethnocentric curriculum as an impact of institutional racism?

Answer 34

Troyna and Williams - schools don’t offer Asian language learning

Coard - history presents the British empire as merciful and civilised therefore presenting those they colonised as inferior - this affects minority’s self esteem

Question 35

Gillborn studied assessment as a part of institutional racism what did they find?

Answer 35

Before 2003 there used to be baseline written assessment in reception to assess ability but now it is based on teacher judgement alone which resulted in fewer ethnic children succeeding

Question 36

What is the new IQ-ism in terms of institutional racism and who studied it?

Answer 36

Gilborn and youdell - teachers see potential as a fixed quantity measured by IQ tests not something improved over time so black pupils are put in low streams and given foundation papers early on capping achievement