Ethnicity

Question 1

John pitts

Answer 1

• noticed a different shift amongst some young black English speakers who felt that mainstream society was ignoring and constraining them,towards a resistance identity through language
• As he put it there was a move from sounding like “Ian Wright to Bob Marley”.
• This suggested that language became a symbol of resistance identity.

Question 2

Ben Rampton

Answer 2

• Notes that creole was widely seen as cool tough and good to use
• it was associated with avertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority

Question 3

Kerswill

Answer 3

• suggests that this new form (MLE) which has risen out of east and London in areas of social deprivation and limited opportunity may be a reaction to a feeling being discriminated against in life and so was adopted as a means of establishing a social identity and diverging from others viewed as having better opportunities than them

Question 4

Bucholtz

Answer 4

There is a strand of research into “super standard forms” used by some white speakers
- he called them “white nerds” they distance themselves from “cooler” speakers who adopted black and Asian language. This can be achieved by using RP, Archaism, archaic grammar forms

Question 5

Features of MLE (Jenny Cheshire)

Answer 5

• Don’t always drop H at the start of the word
• TH fronting is more common with three going to “free” and bother going to “bovver”
• TH stopping when thing becomes “ting”
• adjectives gain broader meanings
• pronoun use is normally “man”, “them man” and “us man” meaning me they and us respectively
• many neologisms in the for, of nouns
• verbs have gone through semantic changes

Question 6

Multicultural urban British English (sue Fox)

Answer 6

• while a social network comprised largely of British white friends will maintain the traditional Birmingham variants and a network with a significant number of British Caribbean or British Asian friends will facilitate into ethnic linguistic diffusion
• by adopting the ethnic variance used by black Caribbean and Pakistani adolescence, the English adolescence reflect the multi- ethnic make up of their social networks

Question 7

Code switching

Answer 7

• switching back-and-forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context 

Question 8

Code mixing

Answer 8

• use of elements of two languages sometimes in the same utterance by young children in household where both languages are spoken

Question 9

Jafaican

Answer 9

• derogatory term used to describe white MLE speakers 

Question 10

Bobo

Answer 10

• characterises race as biologically based differences between human groups,
• while ethnicity is associated with cultural factors such as language, religion and nationality

Question 11

Holmes

Answer 11

• notes that speakers do not necessarily need to be proficient speakers of their second language in order to use it to asset ethnic ide Tory

Question 12

Drummond- Manchester study

Answer 12

• examined the speech of Polish people in Manchester
• people intending to return to Poland used more polish pronunciation in English in order to assert their polish identity than those who intended to remain in Britain

Question 13

Cheshire et al

Answer 13

• argued for the use of the multiethnolect as a linguistic tool, since many young people are growing up in modern urban or suburban areas where cultures are mixed and there is a wide variety of heritage language
• a multiethnolect is a stylistic tool comprising a speech repertoire of elements of different heritage language, and can thus be considered to be ethnically neutral