Ethnic Inequality (20) Flashcards
What is the first area of ethnic inequality in the UK?
Ethnic inequality in the criminal justice system
1)how do the police affect the ethnic inequality when reporting?
They do not accurately operationalise ethnicities, or ask suspects for ethnic self identification e.g police identify on appearance, so the “black” identity could refer to Afro Caribbean, West Indies or Pakistani etc etc
2) how are blacks targeted by the police (general statement)
Blacks are over represented in stop and search, arrests and those who are sent to immediate custody.
3)what did Holdaway find?
Black people are 6x more likely to be stopped and searched as whites
4) What does the ministry of justice (2016) find about ethnic conviction rates?
Per 10,000 of the population 16 white members attain a criminal record compared to 58 black members.
5) what happens to black people in 2012?
If convicted in 2012 black people were more likely to experience longer sentences
6) what proportion of the prison population identify as white?
Less than 75% of the prison population identify as white
7) describe the London race riots
Started after Mark Dugan a black 29 year old was shot dead after he was suspected of planning an attack and carrying a hand gun, lead to protests and the BME met friction with the police fuelling animosity
Race riots 2011/2013
8) name another influential death that caused global race riots
The death of Stephen Lawrence in 1993.
9) what did the Macpherson report suggest about this case?
Suggested 70 recommendations to improve police behaviour/attitudes as they were deemed institutionally racist through allowing white suspects to get away with their crimes for years/tampering with evidence.
10) Give the statistic on % of BME in the welsh police force. (Ethnicityservice.gov.uk)
At the end of March 2019 93.1% if police officers were of a white ethnicity. 2.9% were Asian and 2.1 has mixed ethnicity. Only 1.2% identified as Black and 0.7% were from another ethnic group.
11) What does the crime survey for England and Wales state about ethnic inequality in the criminal justice system?
BME groups are more at risk of victimisation.
12) Why are the Chinese less likely to commit crime?
Under represented due to Izzat, the moral code and :: less likely to be stopped and searched
What is the second reason for ethnic inequality in the UK?
Poverty
1) what does platt (2011) state?
Because an ethnic group has a higher poverty rate it does not mean that everyone in that group is poor
2) what does Nandi and Platt (2010) state?
75% of Bangladeshis has incomes below the average for whites families, this is perhaps because only 8% of Bangladeshi women work full time. (JRF)
3) What did Bernard and Turner (2011) find?
Men and women from some ethnic groups are paid less on average despite similar levels of qualification
4) what did Palmer and Kenway (2007) find?
In work poverty is higher for some ethnic groups than others.
5) what did Wood (2009) find?
Discrimination could be seen in employment patterns where some ethnic groups were under-represented in work
6) what does the Low Pay Commission (2010) find?
Found migrants took work below their level of qualification and tended to be concentrated in low paid occupations e.g airports/hotels
7) what did the poverty site find?
The proportion of each ethnic group living in poverty in the uk varies from 20% for white people, to 50% for black africans to 60-70% for Pakistani and Bangladeshi citizens
8) what did the institute of race relations find?
Found that the group most likely to live in poverty with the highest proportion of free school meals= Gypsy/Roma (travellers)
9) what did the Most recent census find about E.M and poverty
BME groups were more likely to live in areas of economic deprivation with Pakistani and Bangladeshi being the most vulnerable.
For instance the biggest Somali community in the UK is located in Butetown, one of the most deprived areas of wales.
10) what did the 1998 independent inquiry into inequalities into health find?
Found BME groups tended to have higher rates of morbidity than white people due to increased material deprivation which can cause respiratory illness/increased mental health disorders
