ethnic differences in achievemnt- external explanation

Question 1

which ethnic group has the highest GCSE grades

Answer 1

Chinese

Question 2

what ethnic group has the poorest GCSE results

Answer 2

Black afro carribean

Question 3

what percentage of chinese students taking heir GCSES go on to university

Answer 3

75%

Question 4

what percentage of black Caribbean students taking their GCSES go on to university

Answer 4

37%

Question 5

which ethnic group has improved their attainment over time ?

Answer 5

all ethnic groups

Question 6

name a pattern and trend in the educational achievement of ethnic groups

Answer 6

• there are differences in achievement between ethnic groups, e.g. Chinese pupils do better than black pupils.

Question 7

what is the largest predictor of educational achievement

Answer 7

social class e.g. middle to lower class

Question 8

what did Hasting (2006) say about white pupils ?

Answer 8

• white pupils make less progress between 11-16 than black or Asian pupils.
  It is possible white students may become the worst performing ethnic group in the country .

Question 9

name external factors that affect achievement amongst ethnic groups

Answer 9

cultural deprivation :
1) linguistic skills
2) attitudes and values
3) family structure and parental support
material deprivation
racism in wider society

Question 10

How do intellectual and linguistic skills create differences in achievement amongst ethnic groups

Answer 10

Lack of intellectual and language skills creates underachievement.
Many children from black families lack intellectual stimulation from parents and enriching experiences. this prevents development of reasoning skills and problem solving skills.

Question 11

What do Breiter and englemann argue about languages spoken by BME

Answer 11

they argue the language spoken by black American families is inadequate for achieving educational success. its is ‘ungrammatical disjointed and lacks abstract ideas’

Question 12

what are some reasons for ethnic minorities facing material deprivation

Answer 12

unemployment
low pay
overcrowding
economically depressed areas
lack of linguistic skills
foreign qualifications not recognised in UK
racial discrimination in the job market

Question 13

what percentage of social class accounts for the differences in achievement between ethnic groups

Answer 13

50%

Question 14

what did** Flaherty** find out about Pakistani and Bangladeshi’s ?

Answer 14

. Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are over x3 times more likely than whites to be in the** 1/5** of the population
. 15% of ethnic households live in overcrowded conditions compared to 2% of whites

Question 15

What did Palmer find about** ethnic minority children** ?

Answer 15

1/2 of minority children live in low income households.

Question 16

what is a criticism of material deprivation ?

Answer 16

black middle class students do poorly at GCSE in comparison to white students. This suggests material deprivation is not the only explanation for differences in achievement

Question 17

**what was Iresons and Rutherfords evaluation point

Answer 17

ethnic minority parents from higher social economic backgrounds can afford to hire private tutors for their children, this proves money is an advantage

Question 18

how are ethnic minorities impacted by wider racism

Answer 18

more likely to face unemployment
more likely to face low pay

Question 19

name the internal factors which impact educational achievement among ethnic groups

Answer 19

1) labelling, pupil identities, pupil responses and subcultures
2) institutionalised racism: marketisation, ethnocentric curriculum
3) assessment
4) access to opportunities

Question 20

What does Moynihan argue about family structure in BME

Answer 20

-Argues that Black families a headed by lone mothers, face financial issues and a re denied a male role-model.
-He saw that social deprivation was a cycle of inadequately socialized children being sent to school and failing and going on to become inadequate parents themselves.

Question 21

What does Sewell argue about the family structure of BME ?

Answer 21

1) it is not an absence of fathers that cause underachievement but a lack of a nurturing parent who presents ‘tough love’
2) ‘black boys’ may struggle with emotional and behavioral difficulties and turn towards street gangs of other fatherless boys who offer ‘preserved loyalty and love’

Question 22

Explain the attitudes and values of BME students

Answer 22

Black children have been** socialized** into a subculture that instils fatalistic attitude and immediate gratification. This discourages them from** valuing education** and leaves them unequipped for school.

Question 23

Why does Sewell believe black pupils do worse than Asian peers

Answer 23

he argues black students do worse than Asian peers because of** cultural differences** in socialization and** attitudes to education.**
Asian peers are deemed to be ‘clocking up educational hours’

Question 24

what did Sewell find when he interviewed BME students ?

Answer 24

Sewell argued that the greatest barrier to success was pressure from other boys, speaking in **standard English **and achieving in school were viewed with hostility and seen as selling out to the white establishment.

Question 25

What does** Gilborn** say is preventing BME students from achieving

Answer 25

institutionalized racism

Question 26

What does **Pryce **say about how family structure is impacting achievement ?

Answer 26

He claims Asian students are** higher achievers** because their culture is more** resistant to racism** and gives them a greater self-worth. Whereas black students have lower esteem and underachieve.

Question 27

What did Gilbron and Mirza find on entry tests to primary school ?

Answer 27

black children were the **highest achievers **and 20% above local average yet by the time they took GCSE they were the worst results of any ethnic group

Question 28

What do Driver and Ballard argue about Asian family structure ?

Answer 28

He argues Asian families are more** positive and supportive towards education** and have **higher aspirations **for their children’s future.

Question 29

What does **Basit **argue about Asian family structure

Answer 29

Asian parents view education as a type of** capital **that can transform the lives of their children.

Question 30

What Lipton argue about adult authority in Asian households ?

Answer 30

Asian families positively reinforce that found in school, parents are more likely to be supportive of school behavior policies. Asian children were described as **well behaved and working hard **at school.

Question 31

What did Archer and Francis find out about Chinese parents ?

Answer 31

Chinese parents see education as a family project and have high levels of engagement in their children’s education.. They have** high expectations** for their children and invest lots of time and money in their education.

Question 32

outline 3 criticisms of cultural deprivation theory as an explanation for ethnic differences:

Answer 32

Gilbron and Mirza found that Indian pupils do well despite what language they speak at home
Not all black children will have a fatalistic attitude that emphasizes immediate gratification as no one is the same
Gillborn argues it is not peer pressure but institutional racism within the education system that produces failure.