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Study sets > Ethics Test ONE > Flashcards

Ethics Test ONE Flashcards

1
Q

Does Human fulfillment always mean happiness?

A

No

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2
Q

Who is Michael Bess?

A

A scientist who studies ethic and technology

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3
Q

What are the apocalyptic technologies that concerned Dr. Bess?

A

Artificial intelligence
Gene diting
Nuclear weapons

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4
Q

Why is Dr. Bess concerned about the increasing pace of change?

A

Various technologies are introduced to our society, and we are supposed to assimilate to them introducing a sense of stress to learn.

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5
Q

Are we in danger of losing reality, y living in virtual worlds, according to Bess?

A

For those fully submerged in the metaverse and other technology, could be risky to lose a sense of reality

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6
Q

Why is Dr. Bess concerned about AI?

A

At the chance they can achieve artificial intelligence and act humanly

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7
Q

What is the BIG QUESTION Dr. Michael Bess propose in his interview?

A

How do human beings begin to flourish and how do technologies help us get there?

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8
Q

Pace of change: old technologies?

A

More slowly adopted, for example electricity took 46 years to adopt to

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9
Q

Pace of change: Newer technologies?

A

Humans have learned to accommodate more quickly to changes, for example the web took 7 years for humans to assimilate too

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10
Q

Pace of change

A

Introduces stress to humans to accommodate to the fast pace of change in technological advancements

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11
Q

Culture evolves and can be classified as?

A

Dominant (main ones), residual (leftovers), emergent features (new)

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11
Q

Culture

A

A whole way of life
meaning that it is the formation, agreement, and organization of what we think, believe, value, feel, and do

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11
Q

Children are taught that technological prowess is?

A

culturally valued, for example, jeff besos maker of amazon is valued in our culture

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12
Q

What makes technology so powerful in our society?

A

People who are good at technology get praised
*StEM majors are placed at a high value

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13
Q

Are culture and technology related to one another?

A

They are interactive with one another

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14
Q

Genius inventors (Elon Musk with the Tesla), people who put forth technological progress are?

A

The leaders in our society

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15
Q

We have the power to shape our future by?

A

The ability to make choices

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16
Q

Tech is our humanity, meaning?

A

As tech gets better, we get better

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17
Q

The Recieved view

A

Technology is the goal and driver of progress, economic well-being, the good life, and our evolution into superior humans

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18
Q

Does Slack and Wise support the received view?

A

critical of this received view, they propose that things could be, and should be different than they are

They argue received tradition of technological culture, is extremely powerful and warrants resistance, culture does not have to be the way it is

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19
Q

Ways of looking at the human story-theistic

A

Christian and Islamic

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20
Q

Ways of looking at the human story- Chaos

A

no pattern, stories are not true, stuff happens no story

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21
Q

Ways of looking at the human story-Decline

A

Good but over time became more corrupt and materialistic

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22
Q

Ways of looking at the human story- Progress

A

Improvement of mankind toward a state of perfection

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23
Q

Ways of looking at the human story-Cyclic

A

history repeats itself and runs in cycles

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24
Q

The key to understanding culture is to understand?

A

The assumed goals of progress in our culture

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25
Q

What are the implications of technological progress of belief in a strict version of the progress frame?

A

The Herbert Spencer Via referenced by Dr. King

If you strictly believe in the progress frame, progress is inevitable. Technological progress is at hand with human progress.

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26
Q

Progress has been closely allied with?

A

The idea of technology

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27
Q

Since technology is allied with progress, is it always better?

A

No, nothing is, but it can be argued that it made the world better

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28
Q

New/better technology has been associated with?

A

Human progress, so we can assume that better technology is progress (slack and wise)

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29
Q

Humans progress equals more technology however progress does not mean?

A

the world is better because of technology

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30
Q

Does the future need us? What is does Noah Harai argue?

A

“We just don’t need the vast majority of the population.”

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31
Q

Do we agree with Noah Harai and his comments about the future needing us?

A

We don’t agree with this quote we need the population we don’t want robots

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32
Q

What is one good point made by Noah Harai?

A

Past visions of the utopian future often depicted the elevation of the working class or “regular people”

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33
Q

What has changed in the idea of a utopian future?

A

Past versions: promoted the working class
New verisons: promote a few very smart and technologically sophisticated people

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34
Q

The Man who was a fool: view on scientific power

A

“Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power.”
People worry about this view of scientific power

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35
Q

What is Dr. King’s view about man’s right relation to technology?

A

The idea in Dr. King’s view that our technological power needs to be in relation to our technological power**

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36
Q

How is the progress story used? Promote a better version of life

A

Based on the values of the European Enlightenment (scientific objectivity, efficiency, rationality)

Reflects the culture of post-modern globalist Western countries

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37
Q

How is the progress story used? To sell us things

A

Be part of the progressive quasi-religious story of humanity

Experience the mini sublime/be cool

Make life more convenient

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38
Q

How is the progress story used? To judge and control others

A

The civilized and the primitive

A great nation has great technology

Development: Helping backward nations catch up

Politics: The rational technocratic state is superior

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39
Q

Hersey

A

ideas or beliefs held in opposition to widely held dominant beliefs of religious or quasi-religious importance (Ex: God isnt real)

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40
Q

What happened to heretics?

A

Historically, they would be burned to the stack or banished away, but the same thing can happen today for example, covid vaccinations versus non-vaccinations many loss jobs, friends, progress deniers or made into a heretic

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41
Q

Progress for whom

A

Economic impacts here and around the world

Story of the legal secretary, international call centers, dependence of the global economy

Catholic social teaching

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42
Q

Progress for what?

A

Natural law and the basic human goods

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43
Q

Symbols of progress in the US

A

Steam railroad (19th century)
Nuclear power (mid-20th century)
Electricity (late 19th, early 20th century)
Digital computer (late 20th century)

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44
Q

Convenience

A

something that increases comfort or saves work

convenience is mostly good

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45
Q

When does convenience become a problem?

A

when the value of convenience and the desire to achieve convenience come to dominate technological culture

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46
Q

Convenience today is driven by the want/need to?

A

Overcome the limits of space and time

Space limits addressed by transportation tech

Time limits addressed by reducing sleep, life extension tech

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47
Q

Culturally created necessities for convenience

A

Air travel, refrigeration, air conditioning, internet access

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48
Q

What developments that were made in the idea for convenience but actually made more work?

A

Household conveniences create more housework for women

The industrial system both creates the supply and demand for convenience

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49
Q

The perceptual state of dissatisfaction is fueled by?

A

the production and marketing of conveniences of all kinds.” (S&W 46)

the more convenience inventions the human will not be satisifed until they get more

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50
Q

Technological determinism

A

**Technology as a cause

A belief based on two hypotheses

  1. That the technical base of a society is the fundamental condition affecting all patterns of social existence
  2. Changes in technology are the single most important source of changes in society (printing press, computers, industrial technology, social media)

Example: The guns cause violence

51
Q

Critiques of technological determinism

A

Technologies do not determine effects (somebody’s still got to shoot the gun)

People create and use technologies

52
Q

Cultural determinism

A

Technology as effect

Assumes that Values, feelings, beliefs, and practices of the culture (society) cause particular technologies to be developed and used

Example: people kill people (guns are innocent)

53
Q

Critques of cultural determinism

A

What technology ends up doing is often unforeseen or unintended

This leads to an overly optimistic pro-technology stance

54
Q

Conclusion of culture versus technological determinism

A

Like technology determinism, cultural determinism is at best a partial truth

55
Q

Benefits to a systemic approach in ethics

A

Avoid being swayed by emotional appeals

A way to check your gut

Supports consistency in decision-making

Allows you to live with integrity

56
Q

Detonogical rule

A

Rule-based, what we are supposed to due

Associated with natural law and contractually

57
Q

Virtue Based rule

A

Guides to the kind of person we ought to be

58
Q

Consequentialist rule

A

Morality of actions based on outcomes

Utilnarism

59
Q

Consequentialist/Utilitarian theories

A

“The Good,” is the pleasure (lack of pain), happiness, satisfaction, and welfare

Those choices that increase the good are morally correct

The end DOES justify the means

Nothing is evil in itself

60
Q

Criticisms to consequalist view

A

It seems like the distribution of goods among persons matters, but that’s not considered

Every action has moral implications (too demanding)

No special concern for those close to us like family (not demanding enough)

Predictions of consequences can be self-serving

61
Q

Deontological theories (rule-based, norms-based)

A

Systems of obligations, prohibitions, and permissions

What makes a choice right is conformity with a moral norm. The right has priority over the good

62
Q

Criticisms of Deontological theory

A

Too self-centered

Bad actions can be justified by “loopholes”

63
Q

Response to the criticisms of deontological theory

A

Rights-based, rather than agent-based, deontological theories (wrong to “use” people

64
Q

Natural Law

A

One of the Deontological theories

The first principle of practical reason is to seek to do good and avoid evil

Natural law features a list of basic human goods (life, health, work, leisure, science, education, beauty, family, and friends)

All sorts of norms flow from the first principal and the goods. Violation of these norms is morally wrong

65
Q

Contractualism

A

Deontological theory

Political liberations versus moral liberationism

“No God, no matter”

Right to be left alone and to make free will choices

Not “no rules”,” but only rules to which you consent

66
Q

Is violating an explicit or implicit contract wrong in contractualism?

A

Yes

67
Q

Dentology Kantism

A

A central figure in deontological ethics

A moral absolutist

Agent-centered, the only thing unqualified by good is goodwill

68
Q

What is kantism famous for?

A

The categorical imperative

69
Q

Is there law pre-existing, outside of, and superior to human-made law?

A

Some people say its true like MLK, Rudolph Hess, and MLK

70
Q

Jefferson on pre-existing law

A

That all men are created equal

That they are all endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights

71
Q

Rudoph Hess WW2 DEPUTY FOR hitler on pre exisiting law

A

Stated rulers are “Under God and the law

72
Q

MLK on preexisting law

A

Letter from Brighman jail

Stating that there is a pre-existing law that stands above any jurisdiction of the state

73
Q

What is the formal definition of natural law?

A

Natural law is a philosophy asserting that certain rights are inherent in our human nature, traditionally by any God or transcendent source and that these rights can be understood universally through human reason

74
Q

Underlying assumption in natural law

A

The idea that every person has human dignitiy, and there is a truth for most things in the world its determined by our free will if we are right or wrong about it

75
Q

What is natural laws first principal of practical reason?

A

One should pursue what is good and one should avoid what is bad- the central premise of natural law

76
Q

Natural law rejects the subjective thesis which is?

A

I can decide for myself what is good, and what I think is good is claimed as good

77
Q

Why does natural law reject the subjective thesis?

A

Because humans make mistakes and just because we think something is good does not mean its good

For example: aunt amy and uncle timmy

78
Q

What are the basic human goods?

A

 Life
 Family
 Friendship
 Work and Leisure
 Beauty
 Science
 Integrity

79
Q

What are the characteristics of the human goods lists?

A

Universal: parts of life

Necessary: Needed for goodness

Incommensurable: can’t make up one with the other, all separate ideas

Constitutive: If you have these human goods, you have a GOOD LIFE

80
Q

What is morality?

A

Is a matter of knowledge and discovery, objective rather than subjective, and not a matter of political compromise

81
Q

Laws that agree with morality are?

A

just laws

82
Q

Laws that disagree with morality are?

A

unjust laws

83
Q

What ethical system is highly individualistic? “No gods, no masters,” rules and values are chosen amongst a societal group?

A

Moral libetarnism

84
Q

What ethical system can be boiled down to one common denominator, which is goodness/lack of pain?

A

Ulitarnism

85
Q

Natural law external goods are?

A

Money, property
“Instrumental” not good themselves

86
Q

Natural can have goods of the fortune which means?

A

Our endowment in which we pursue the good life

Meaning: things that can aid us in having the basic human goods**

87
Q

Goods of fortune

A

Health good
Smart family
Beautiful
Connections

88
Q

What is a necessary condition for human flourishing, but not a good itself?

A

Freedom

89
Q

Why do we need freedom?

A

To choose the good or the right thing for human floruishing

90
Q

What is the intrinsic worth of the human being?

A

Dignity

91
Q

Can we lose our dignity?

A

No, inherent in humanity

92
Q

What is the side effect of pursing good than the good in and of itself?

A

Pleasure

93
Q

The basic human goods contribute to?

A

The good life or human florushing

94
Q

Can you experience all the basic human goods are the same time?

A

No, the good life is a conceptual idea

95
Q

Can you pursue the good life for others?

A

No, everyone is responible for themselves

96
Q

Is there an order or hierarchy of goods?

A

No order or better goods, we have to ideally balance all of the goods

97
Q

Failure to follow the gudiance to a good life is irrational but not?

A

immoral

98
Q

Vigilance

A

Don’t be fooled by things that are only apparently good

99
Q

Commitment

A

Its okay to focus on some form of goods

100
Q

Detachment

A

coping with the goods that are unattainble

101
Q

Respect (nonmaleficence)

A

Should not do, negative norms

does not intentionally cause harm to yourself or others or otherwise attack or destroy an instance of a basic good

Stringent norms, strict partially

Do not kill yourself, do not break up a marriage

102
Q

Care (beneficence)

A

condemns inaction and negligence that results in harm to yourself or others

We should take action to promote positivity

Should stop someone from killing themselves

103
Q

Impartiality

A

less specific, less specific norm

My life or health is not superior to yours but some professional treatment is okay

104
Q

Inclusiveness

A

Make sure to try to attain all of the basic goods not just one

105
Q

The failure to pursue the guidance to attain human goods can be what?

A

Immoral

106
Q

Jack is holding 20 people hostage, he tells Jill he will kill all 20 of them if Jill doesn’t kill one person. How does this differ from the trolley problem?

A

Different because, can Jill trust the hostage, trust that he will let the twenty people go? T

It is argued that she shouldn’t kill the one person because she is violating the basic human good because Jill would be directly responsible for killing someone instead, in the Trolley problem, it’s an indirect responsibility

106
Q

Impermissible actions

A

Related to respect and impartiality

Actions that negatively affect human goods

Ex: Do not kill self or others

107
Q

Permissible actions

A

DO NOT negatively affect important instances of human goods

108
Q

Obligatory actions

A

related to the guideline of care, do not require, strict impartially (Promote positivity)

109
Q

Moral norms that concern human life

A

Do not kill another or self (controversies: abortion, euthanasia, death penalty)

Save those in danger

Don’t position, pollute, deal or do drugs, smoke or drink to excess (controversy: torture)

Do not commit adultery, do not break agreements

Don’t be selfish

110
Q

How can we judge if an action is good or bad for human flourishing?

A

Object:
 What’s the goal?
 The choice or means
 What the person is doing now
End:
 The goal or purpose
Circumstances
 The background
 Who what when where
 Secondary to the object and the end (If it is bad the circumstances will be bad)

110
Q

Principal of perfection

A

An action is good ONLY if all the determinants are good

111
Q

What ethical theory is most clearly rejected by the principle of perfection?

A

Utilitarianism/proptionalism

Based on individual happiness and made goods or bad by their consequences

112
Q

Precedence of negative norms

A

If a negative norm (prohibitions on directly violating a good) conflicts with a positive norm (a duty of care) do not violate the negative norms generally

113
Q

Exceptionless norms

A

Is there anything that is always wrong?
Aristotle: adultery, theft, murder

114
Q

What ethical system focuses on consequences and can also be referred to as consequentialism?

A

Ultarnism

115
Q

The guideline for respect is?

A

To treat everyone the same

116
Q

MLK says unjust law is?

A

violates natural law

117
Q

If we could quantity the benefits and harms prudes by the action this would make sense for

A

utilitarianism

118
Q

Act Utalarnism

A

Is used to assess the consequences

119
Q

What is the term for someone who is ANTI TECH

A

Luddite

120
Q

Natural law is universal meaning?

A

It applies to everyone

121
Q

Who says we can change our technological culture?

A

Slack and Wise

122
Q

Computers are the reason for socities actions, what term goes with this?

A

Technolgical determinism

123
Q

What is perceptual distassification?

A

Seeking to overcome the limits of the body

124
Q

What theory states whats good for me is whatever I say is?

A

Subjectivist theory

125
Q

Compare and Contrast natural law with ultatrinism

A

Natural law is a philosophy asserting that certain rights are inherent in our human nature, traditionally by any God or transcendent source and that these rights can be understood universally through human reason, if you believe in natural law you believe it applies to everyone to attain the basic goods (life, health, work, leisure, science, education, beauty, family, and friends) to achieve human flourishing

Utarlinism
Also known as the consequentialist theory because the system focuses on consequences. Good consequences = good actions. Actions should be measured in terms of the happiness or pleasure they produce. The ends do justify the means in this story because good actions lead to good consequences. The idea is to promote the most pleasure for the group for example, if your favorite food is pasta but your family wants Chinese so you get Chinese food for dinner, you would be thinking like a Bulgarian.

They relate because they both want to promote goodness but natural law is more individualistic and has formal steps to attain human flourishing, when ultarnism is the goodness of the group overall, that will lead to positive outcomes but it might not lead to individual human flourishing

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