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Flaps > Ethics/Stats > Flashcards

Ethics/Stats Flashcards

1
Q

4 principles of consent

A

VICS
voluntary
informed
capable
specific

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2
Q

4 factors negligence

A

Duty
Breach
Harm
Causality

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3
Q

CanMEds (7)

A

MCCASPL
Medical expert
Communicator
Collaborator
Advocate
Scholar
Professional
Leader

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4
Q

4 principles of ethics

A

Autonomy
Non-maleficence
Beneficience
Justice

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5
Q

4 things to discuss during consent

A

nature of procedure
common and severe risks
alternative treatments
consequences of refusing

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6
Q

capacity evaluation (4)

A

nova scotia criteria

understanding
appreciation
reasoning
expression of choice

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7
Q

2 to proceed without consent

A

1) imminent treat to life or health
necessary to proceed immediately
and patient / sustitute is not not available

2) psych imminent risk to themselves / others

3) mandatory reporting for public health

4) vital statistics

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8
Q

exceptions to confidentiality (3)

A
  1. statutory reporting (child abuse, fitness to drive or fly, communicable disease, coroner)
  2. imminent danger (clear risk to identifiable person or group, risk of serious bodily harm and danger is imminent)
  3. court order
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9
Q

What contributes to a type 1 error? (2)

A

Bias
Confounding variables

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10
Q

What contributes to a type 2 error ? (1)

A

Low power

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11
Q

What are ways to decrease confounding variables ? (4)

A

Multivariate analysis
Stratification
Randomization
Matching

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12
Q

Study shows a relative risk of 2.1. How do you interpret this ?

A

i. Exposed group is 2.1 times more likely to have breast cancer than the unexposed group

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13
Q

200 person study. 50 have the illness. After 10 years, 10 patients develop illness.

  1. What is the cumulative incidence?
  2. What is the prevalence on 10 years?
  3. 2 ways to associate risk factors with the disease?
A
  1. Cumulative incidence = # new cases/ # at risk over x years
    10/(200-50) = 1/15 per ten years
  2. a. Prevalence = number of sick people / people
    b. 60/200 = 30%
  3. Relative risk & odds ratio
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14
Q

3 advantages of a meta-analysis

A
  1. Increased power
  2. Can do subgroup analysis that initial studies were underpowered to do
  3. Can resolve uncertainty when studies disagree
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15
Q

What does I squared mean? I=0

A

No inconstency in the studies

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16
Q

What are two factors that increase heterogeneity in meta-analysis?

A
  1. Clinical diversity
  2. Methodological diversity
17
Q

5 levels of evidence with 1 example of each

A
  1. High quality RCT
  2. Lesser quality RCT, prospective cohort
  3. Retrospective study
  4. Case-series
  5. Case report
18
Q

Phases of studies with 3 characteristics of a phase 1 treatment ?

A

a. Phase 1 = safety
i. Small cohort
ii. Low doses
iii. New medication
b. Phase 2 = efficacy
c. Phase 3 = large scale (RCT)
d. Phase 4 = post-rollout monitoring

19
Q

Define type 2 (beta) error

A

Risk of accepting a null hypothesis that is false

20
Q

Define type 1 (alpha) error

A

Rejecting a null hypothesis that is true

21
Q

6 comments on RCT and surgery

A
  1. Often RCT will happen after the adoption of a new surgical technique
  2. Difficulty to recruit (rare, urgent cases)
  3. Surgeon is not blinded (patient and outcomes recorder are)
  4. Learning curve for new surgery
  5. Some centers specialized for one surgery, some surgeons do both but have preference, bias is introducted
  6. Ethical quetsion of placebo surgery
22
Q

d. En chirurgie plastique, MEILLEUR type d’étude pour déterminer laquelle parmi 2 intervention est la plus bénéfique économiquement

A

i. Prospective Cost-benefit analysis

23
Q
  1. Définir “intention to treat analysis”
A

Data analysed per assigned treatment group without accounting for therapeutic changes over the course of the study

24
Q

Two exams in frostbite

A

Technetium 99 triple bone scan
Angiography

25
Q

What does it mean if you have a power of 0.9

A

90% chance you will reject a null hypothesis that is false

26
Q

2 acceptable and unacceptable ways to randomize

A

> 200 participants, toss coin
block randomization
computer random number generator

preference of patient, choice of physician

Flaps (5 decks)

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