Ethics of publishing research and working with animals Flashcards
What are the 5 main ethical considerations in the ethics of publication?
Fraud Bias Authorship Plagiarism 'Publish/Perish' culture
What are the main types of fraud in publication?
Scientific misconduct
Data fabrication
Data falsification - deceptive manipulation of data
Plagiarism
What are some assumptions we make regarding research?
- It’s scientifically true
- Research has been conducted in an ethical manner
- Methodology has prevented bias
- Work isn’t intentionally plagiarised
What is the ICMJE?
The international committee of Medical Journal Editors
What does the ICMJE criteria establish about authors?
All those who meet all the criteria should be named as authors.
Those who do not should be listed as a non-author contributor.
What is plagiarism?
The unreferenced use of others published or unpublished work with our consent, credit or acknowledgment
What are the 4 unethical ways of manuscript submission/publication?
Simultaneous submission - multiple journals at once
Duplicate publication- multiple manuscripts of the same work
Salami publication - splitting research into smaller studies
Predatory journals - minimal/no peer reviews
Why are animals used in research?
To understand the physiology and pathology of disease
What law in Britain requires drugs to be tested on live animal?
Medicines Act 1968
What is a regulated procedure?
any act that may cause any level of pain, suffering or distress to an protected animal
What are the subdivisions that procedures are classified into? (5)
- Sub-threshold
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
- Non-recovery
What legislation protects animals in drug development?
The animals (Scientific procedures) Act 1986
What are the 3R’s of ethical animal experiments?
Reduce - No. of animals
Replace - Non-animal methods to be used if possible
Refine - test to ensure most humane (less distress)
What was Bentham/Singer’s criterion on animal/human differences?
Animals have intrinsic value equal to humans
What was Kant’s criterion on animal/human differences?
Animals have instrumental value for human use, treat humanely
