Ethics Of Data Processing

Question 1

Algorithmic vs human decision-making

What is the benefit?

Answer 1

1. Overload.
2. Salience and immediate report
3. inconsistency and framing
4. Illusory correlations

Question 2

Flaws of human decision, making

Answer 2

Unreliable intuitions to address, global important challenges

Oversimplified theories —> cost in effective management of resources

Increasing overload —> pronounced limitations

Question 3

Why should we not simply follow the algorithm?

Answer 3

ethical reasoning - Algorithms can process relevant information, structure of the problem, more clearly, thereby reducing cognitive effort, but they can’t replace ethical reasoning

Question 4

What is algorithmic decision-making?

Answer 4

A Complement or replacement of human decision-making to support better decisions.

The decisions however, must be made on the basis of human made information for example in the case of:

Prioritising patients

Question 5

Components of ethical reasoning

Answer 5

Ethics is the systemic and critical examination of right and wrong conduct

Applied ethics is what a moral agent should do in a specific situation or particular domain

AI ethics is how developers, manufacturers and authorities should behave regarding AI decision-making

Question 6

Difference between law and ethics, and what is the point of ethical reasoning?

Answer 6

Law is a set of rules and regulations, created and enforced by an authority

Ethics is a set of values and principles, created an enforced by individuals and societies

Ethical reasoning allows us to assess question and change the law

Question 7

Difference between instrumental an intrinsic value

Answer 7

Intrinsic value is good in itself - happiness

Instrumental value means to obtain something else good in itself - money

Question 8

Identify claims as descriptive or normative:

This system is a black box

The law says systems should be transparent

Systems should be transparent

Answer 8

“This system is a black box” is a descriptive claim. It is a statement that describes the current state of the system.

“The law says systems should be transparent” is a normative claim. It is a statement that expresses a norm or value judgment about how things ought to be.

“Systems should be transparent” is also a normative claim. It expresses a norm or value judgment about how systems ought to be designed and operated.
Descriptive - The law says systems should be transparent

Normative - systems should be transparent

Question 9

Describe Ethical frameworks - consequentialism

Answer 9

Consequentialism is an ethical framework that evaluates the morality of an action based on its consequences or outcomes, with the ultimate goal of maximizing the overall good or happiness in the world.

Question 10

Describe ethical frameworks - deontology

Answer 10

Deontology is an ethical theory that emphasizes the moral rules and duties that guide our actions, regardless of their consequences

Question 11

Describe ethical frameworks - contractualism

X is right, if it follows, a ……tiality

Answer 11

X is right, if it follows, a rule that others could not reasonably reject under conditions of rationality and impartiality

Question 12

What is an ethical matrix?

What are the components of the ethical matrix?

Answer 12

conceptual tool to help decision-makers with a framework of the ethically relevant aspects involved in the decision making process

X-axis - stakeholders
Y-axis - values (well-being, autonomy, justice)