Ethics And laws Flashcards
Take care to do no harm; minimize harm
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
➔ Establish relationships of trust
➔ Upholding professional standards of conduct
➔ Cooperate with other professionals if needed
to serve the best interest of the client
➔ Strive to contribute their professional time,
compensated or not.
Fidelity and Responsibility
Promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness
Integrity
Respect the dignity and worth of all people by
exercising their rights to privacy,
confidentiality, and self-determination.
Respect for People’s Rights and
Dignity
verbal or nonverbal
conduct sexual in nature, either unwelcome or
creates hostile workplace, sufficiently severe to
be abusive
Sexual Harassment –
psychologist is in
a professional role with the client, at the same
time is in another role with them (e.g., family,
intimate relationships, friends), or with their
closely associated/related family or friends, or
promises to enter in “another” relationship
with them in the future or a person closely
related with the client
Multiple Relationships –
any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in
which one individual varies from another
☁ Enduring long term
Trait
intelligence, specific intellectual abilities,
cognitive style, adjustment, interests,
attitudes, sexual orientation and preferences,
psychopathology, etc.
Psychological Trait
distinguish one person from another but are
relatively less enduring
☁ Short term (ex. sadness)
States
Construct
➔ an informed, scientific concept developed or
constructed to explain a behavior, inferred
from overt behavior
Construct
an observable action or the product of an
observable action
Overt Behavior
➔ assumption that the more the testtaker
responds in a particular direction keyed by the
test manual as correct or consistent with a
particular trait, the higher that testtaker is
presumed to be on the targeted ability or trait
Cumulative Scoring
refers to something that is more than
expected; it is component of the measurement
process
Error
★ the component of a test score
attributable to sources other than the
trait or ability measured
Error Variance
Each test-taker has true score on a test that
would be obtained but for the action of
measurement error.
☁ Minimize error
Classical Test Theory
➔ Consistency of the measuring tool
Reliability
➔ measure what it is supposed to measure
Validity
➔ method of evaluation and a way of deriving
meaning from test scores by evaluating an
individual testtaker’s score and comparing it to
scores of a group testtakers
Norm-Referenced Testing and Assessment
➔ usual, average, normal, standard, expected, or
typical
Norm
➔ group of people whose performance on a
particular test is analyzed for reference in
evaluating the performance of individual
testtakers
Normative Sample
➔ process of deriving norms
Norming
➔ consists or descriptive statistics based on a
group of testtakers in a given period of time
rather than norms obtained by formal
sampling methods
User Norms or Program Norms
➔ the process of administering a test to a
representative sample of testtakers for the
purpose of establishing norms
Standardization
➔ a portion of the universe of people that
represents the whole population
Sample
➔ process of selecting sample
Sampling
Random sampling, randomization is used to
select samples
Probability Sampling
➔ Every element in the population has an equal
chance of being selected as part of the sample
Simple Random Sampling
➔ Every nth item or person after is picked
Systematic Sampling
➔ Random selection within predefined groups
➔ More risk of bias due to stratifying
Stratified Sampling
➔ Groups rather than individual units of the
target population are selected randomly
Cluster Sampling
➔ Researchers pick items or individual based on
their research goals or knowledge
Non-Probability Sampling
➔ Selected based on their availability
Convenience Sampling
➔ Achieve a spread across the target population
by specifying who should be recruited for a
survey according to certain groups or criteria
Quota Sampling
➔ Chosen consciously based on their knowledge
and understanding of the research question at
hand or their goals
Purposive Sampling
➔ People recruited to be part of a sample are
asked to invite those they know to take part,
who are then asked to invite their friends and
family and so on
Snowball or Referral Sampling
