ethics

Question 1

Benthams ethical theory

Answer 1

• what motivates humans
• principle of utility
• hedonic calculus

Question 2

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 2

• teleological, normative ethical theorist
• his theory was Act utilitarian
• he was a hedonist

Question 3

utilitarianism

Answer 3

teleologically, naturalistic, normative ethical theory that argues the best result is the one that brings the most happiness to the most people

Question 4

motivation of human beings

Answer 4

pain and pleasure are what we base our actions and morals on, and pleasure is the same as goodness

Question 5

principle of utility

Answer 5

an action should be done if it maximises the happiness for the most amount of people

Question 6

the hedonic calculus

Answer 6

Intensity
Duration
Certainty
Remoteness (propinquity)
Fruitfulness (fecundity)
Purity
Extent

Question 7

act based ethics

Answer 7

deontological

Question 8

end based ethics

Answer 8

teleological

Question 9

person based ethics

Answer 9

virtue

Question 10

normative absolutism

Answer 10

• morals are fixed regardless of the context

- treats people with equality

Question 11

normative relativism

Answer 11

• nothing can be defined as right or wrong

- variety in culture effects ethics

Question 12

rule utilitarian

Answer 12

adopts general rules about the kinds of actions that tend to produce happiness to make decision making easier

Question 13

Mill

Answer 13

• the harm principle
• we should be able to do whatever we want as long as it doesn’t harm anyone else
• free speech is offensive but not a harm

Question 14

Roger Crisp

Answer 14

• offered the life of Joseph Hayden or an Oyster
• but the oysters life is infinite
• oysters life becomes worthy and pleasurable over time

Question 15

Robert Nozick

Answer 15

• experience machine
• would you plug into alternate reality to only live a life of pleasures
• proves pleasure isn’t the ultimate motivation

Question 16

Mills pleasures

Answer 16

higher pleasures - intellectual, social, culture, science

lower pleasures - eating, drinking, sex, resting

Question 17

Kant

Answer 17

an absolutist, deontologist, ethical realist

Question 18

phenomenal realm

Answer 18

• physical world
• empirical knowledge
• heteronomy
• consequential
• changing
• instrumental

Question 19

noumenal realm

Answer 19

• metaphysical
• reason
• autonomy
• intrinsic
• unchanging

Question 20

hypothetical imperative

Answer 20

focuses on the outcome and is used when making a decision not to do with morals

Question 21

categorical imperative

Answer 21

goes beyond consequences and intentions, based on moral decisions

Question 22

beattitudo

Answer 22

flourishing/closeness to God

Question 23

Aquinas

Answer 23

• believed in the world having a teleos given by God
• this was to live according to its own nature
• for humans this was reason

Question 24

eternal law

Answer 24

• absolute part of natural law
• remains the same, no mater what the situation
• God plants it in every rational soul

Question 25

divine law

Answer 25

- commands and teachings found in the Bible - God sent information about eternal law through this - he teaches humans how to live

Question 26

natural law

Answer 26

- allows humans to receive eternal law through reason | - marks humans from animals

Question 27

human law

Answer 27

- our response to messages from God - customs and practices of society - only a law if its good and in life with divine and natural

Question 28

the key precept

Answer 28

is the synderesis rule which is do good and avoid evil

Question 29

5 primary precepts

Answer 29

1. worship God 2. live in an ordered society 3. reproduce 4. educate 5. preserve life

Question 30

primary precepts

Answer 30

are things that are good and absolute and describe flourishing

Question 31

apparent good

Answer 31

something only appears to be good and has a good aspect to it

Question 32

Joseph Fletcher

Answer 32

- theology professor - 1960’s - situation ethics - emphasised agape

Question 33

3 ethical positikns

Answer 33

legalistic, situation, antinomianism

Question 34

4 principles of agape

Answer 34

pragmatism relativism positivism personalism

Question 35

secondary precepts

Answer 35

are rules derived from the primary precepts using practical reason

Question 36

situation ethics in the bible

Answer 36

the good Samaritan

Question 37

situation ethics

Answer 37

is based on agape love which is the ultimate aim

Question 38

4 principles of agape:

Answer 38

pragmatism, relativism, positivism, personalism

Question 39

6 propositions

Answer 39

1. only love is intrinsically good 2. love is the ruling factor 3. love and justice are the same 4. love is an attitude, not a feeling 5. only the end justifies the means 6. love has no laws

Question 40

personhood

Answer 40

the extent to which a life has some quality

Question 41

autonomy for euthanasia

Answer 41

- we have the right to choose the time and manner of our death - we have choice over our bodies in life, so we should in death

Question 42

voluntary euthanasia

Answer 42

usually when a person is paralysed or terminally ill they make the choice to have their life ended

Question 43

non voluntary euthanasia

Answer 43

is when someone cannot communicate their wishes and are in a unchangeable state

Question 44

slippery slope

Answer 44

when a moral law is broken, others will be

Question 45

passive euthanasia

Answer 45

treatment is withdrawn or given to hasten death

Question 46

James Rachels

Answer 46

letting die is crueler than actively killing

Question 47

QALY assessment

Answer 47

1. assess pain, mobility psychological state 2. ability of drugs to improve state 3. compare available treatments 4. compare costs (£30,000 over is not effective)

Question 48

sanctity of life

Answer 48

humans were made in the image of god so we don't have the right to end our lives

Question 49

natural law view on euthanasia

Answer 49

- goes against our teleos from God - we are sacred and should be protected - we were each created for a unique purpose

Question 50

factors affecting doctrine of double effect

Answer 50

- if the act is good in itself - good isn't attained by bad means - bad not intended - proportional reason for bad effect