Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Define Ethics

A

The study of how to flourish as a human being (morality, happiness)

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2
Q

Define Cultural Relativism

A

Different cultures have opposing underlying moral values, and they are just different no culture is better than another (different circumstances, same morals)

An action is moral or immoral because a culture’s practices or attitudes dictate that it is. (Morals are dependent on culture)

Ex/ red means stop, read means go

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3
Q

Define Prescriptive Relativism

A

The view that it is always immoral for the people in one culture to judge another person’s culture.

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4
Q

Define Descriptive Relativism

A

The view that different cultures sometimes have opposing underlying moral values

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5
Q

Define Moral Realism

A

Contradicts Cultural Relativism

Sometimes, an action is moral or immoral, independent of cultural practices & attitudes. Some practices are objectively better.(Morals are independent of culture)

(ex/slavery is not morally acceptable, just bc a culture’s attitude & practices dictate it is & “schizophrenia is a mental disorder.”)

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6
Q

moral statements are like…

A

“red means stop”

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7
Q

Morality depends on the circumstances

A

Cultural Relativism

Ex/ wrappings infants
C1: wrap infants with a blanket
C2: never wrap infants
Same moral/value: take care of your infants
Different circumstances: the temperature difference btwn both cultures

Ex2/
C1: eat cows
C2: don’t eat cows
Same moral/value: don’t eat grandma
Different circumstances: their beliefs about reincarnation

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8
Q

Sometimes different cultures have opposing moral value

A

Descriptive relativism

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9
Q

Different cultural practices & opposing underlying moral values are always just different; neither can ever be morally better than the another

A

Cultural Relativism

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10
Q

It is always morally wrong for anyone in one culture to judge the opposing practices & underlying moral value of a different culture

A

Prescriptive relativism

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11
Q

Argument in favor of Cultural Relativism

A

No one can produce a objective or universally accepted standard for morality. This is because there is no such standard

No moral standard independent of culture can be justified

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12
Q

Moral Realist impartiality response to argument in favor of Cultural Relativism

A

○ Objective and universally correct morality is that which all impartial
people would agree to
○ Good consequences, rational principles, impartial sympathy

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13
Q

Two objections to Cultural Relativism

A
  1. Moral Progress Objection: According to CR, moral progress is impossible but you can change cultural practices (ex/ women’s rights, gay rights, execution)
  2. Nazi culture counterexample: According to CR, Nazi soldiers were being morally good but Nazi culture is worse NOT just different.
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14
Q

Relative to culture…

A

does not mean relative to circumstance (ex/stealing milk)

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15
Q

Define Divine Command Theory (DCT)

A

An action is moral or immoral because God said so

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16
Q

Divine Command Theory - Plato’s dialogue…

A

Euthyphro

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17
Q

Socrates’ Objection to DCT

A

DCT is incorrect because it has clause in reverse order from truth

–> Torturing infants for fun is immoral BC God said it is OR (Socrates) God said torturing infants for fun is immoral BC it is immoral

What if God said torturing infants for fun is moral?
According to DCT this would be moral BUT
Socrates says: God would never say that BC it is immoral

18
Q

Who is associated with Cultural Relativism

A

Ruth Benedict (she was an anthropologist)

19
Q

Define Deontological Ethics

A

Kant
An action is moral because it follows/conforms to a rational principle (good rule) OR immoral because bc it violates a rational principle

20
Q

Define Utilitarianism

A

Mill
An action is moral bc it maximizes happiness overall OR immoral bc it does not maximize happiness overall

21
Q

Similarities btwn Mill (Utilitarianism) & Kant (Deontology)

A

moral realists

22
Q

Differences btwn Mill (Utilitarianism) & Kant (Deontology)

A

Mill: Consequences determine which action is moral
Kant: Consequences don’t determine which action is moral

Ex/ if you need to torture a child to save 20 ppl
Mill: would torture bc of consequences
Kant: wouldn’t bc it’s not rational

23
Q

3 Cases to Know

A

Anne Frank: Kant (Tell the truth) Mill (Lie)
Forced Organ Donor: Kant (Don’t kill) Mill (Kill)
Franz Kafka: Kant (keep promises) Mill (break promises)

24
Q

Utilitarians’ calculation method

A

max happiness overall can be calculated (in theory)
- Twinkie ex
- Another ex/
Action 1: +5 +5 -30 = Total Happiness: -20
Action 2: -5 -5 +30 = Total Happiness: +20

25
Q

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

A

aka supreme principle of morality
Don’t calculate consequences, just act according to rules/principles that it is rational to want everyone to follow

Ex/ rule 1: keep my promises
rule 2: break my promises
According to categorical imperative rule 1 is rational

26
Q

Define Virtue Ethics

A

the theory that an action is moral or immoral because that is what a virtuous person would do

27
Q

Aristotle: What is virtue and why should I care about it?

A

a virtue is a trait or feeling that functions properly; and you should care about having these characteristics bc to functoin properly is to be objectively good

virtuous = functioning properly

Knife ex/
Function: knife
Sharpness (virtue)
Dull (vice)
Cuts well (good knife)
Doesn’t cut well (bad knife)

28
Q

Is virtue relative to culture accoding to Aristotle?

A

No

29
Q

Adam Smith: We know which traits and feelings are virtuous from

A

Imparative Sympathy

30
Q

Define sympathy

A

feeling what somebody else is feeling

31
Q

Who wrote the book “The Theory of Moral Sentiments?”. What is the main point?

A

Adam Smith
A feeling is virtuous bc any impartial spectator would sympathize with it

32
Q

3 feelings involved in the process of making moral judgements by sympathizing

A
  1. original feeling
  2. sympathetic feeling
  3. approval –> sentiment of approval
33
Q

Impartial sympathy: When your natural sympathy is not corrupted by other psychological mechansisms such as

A
  1. Faction
  2. Fanatisism
34
Q
A
35
Q

Virtue Ethics vs Utilitarianims (Mill): Case of saving own kid or 2 strangers

A

Virtue Ethics: save my own kind (impartial sympathy)
Utilitarianism: save 2 stragers bc it maximizes overall happiness

36
Q

Virtue Ethics vs Detonotlogy (Kant): Case of visiting friend in hospital: how has the more moral motivation?

A

Virtue Ethics: Go bc you want to and love her
Deontology: rationally right thing to do

37
Q

impartial

A

Naturally Appropriate Sentiments (Feelings all impartial people sympathize with)

38
Q

Some feelings and actions “shock all our natural [impartial] sentiments.”

A

Ex. feed your infant vs eat your infant
Ex. friendship vs murderous betrayal
Ex. excessive revenge
Ex. incest

39
Q

Is virtue relative to culture, according to Adam Smith?

A

No, major aspects of morality are innate, not learned.

40
Q
A
41
Q

5 Ethical Theories An action is moral/immoral because …

A
  1. Cultural relativism … a culture’s practices & attitudes dictate so.
    Moral Realism
  2. Divine Command Theory … God says so.
  3. Utilitarianism … it maximizes happiness overall.
  4. Deontological Ethical Theory … it conforms to a rational principle
  5. Virtue Ethics … it is what a virtuous person would do
    (according to any impartial person)